Cypripedium ventricosum (1857)
东北杓兰
Cypripedium ventricosum (1857)
Ten ways of seeing
- measured cast crimson
- upright 1.72 : 1
First Look
真山水之川谷，远望之以取其势，近看之以取其质。
—— 宋·郭熙《林泉高致·山水训》
Mountains and valleys: from afar take their momentum, up close take their texture — the two distances from which any picture is read.
The sheet is vertical: the eye climbs and settles in the upper half. Let the plant stand before you look for detail. Then step in close: watch where colour meets line, and whether the line ever breaks. Third, find the darkest small patch: the whole tonal order is measured from there.
Name and Thing
The binomial is Cypripedium ventricosum: the first word is the genus it belongs among, the second the epithet that sets it apart. The genus name Cypripedium: Cypripedium means 'slipper of Cypris' — Venus's slipper. The Chinese name 东北杓兰 is a modern rendering of the Latin, not an old garden name.
Form and Colour
Measured on this plate: flower colour covers 13.0% of the sheet, foliage 5.6%, the cast crimson with a second note of red. No other plate shares exactly this measure. Orchids carry pseudobulbs or fleshy roots; six tepals, one modified into a lip that serves as a landing stage, and a column uniting stamens and pistil — a structure unique to the family.No colour group is recorded. Three things fix the habit: leaf arrangement, tepal count, and how the flower is borne.
Composition
The sheet is tall. No details are appended: a plate for looking, not for keying out. The plant covers only 23% of the sheet, centred a little left of centre; the emptiness is where the eye rests.
Line and Colour
In the later nineteenth century chromolithography took over: colour printed rather than painted, line demoted. Craft leaves franker evidence than inscriptions. If you mean to copy it: block in the broad shapes and colours first, detail last; lithographic softness comes from thin washes — two or three pale layers will get you close.
Poetic Resonance
团回六曲抱膏兰，将鬟镜上掷金蝉。
—— 唐·李贺《屏风曲》
The poem gives the mood first and the picture supplies the form; set the line beside the plate and the corolla becomes its resting point.
Symbolism
In China the orchid is the gentleman who blooms unseen; in Victorian Europe it was luxury and obsession, a single new species worth a fortune. In a flora it is a species first and a symbol second; the order is worth keeping.
Season and Place
Varies by genus: temperate terrestrials flower in spring and summer, tropical epiphytes almost year-round. Worldwide, richest on tropical mountains. Chinese cymbidiums come from the hills of the south. The year 1857 on the plate is that of publication, not of flowering — the gathering came a year or two earlier. Read the locality and the flowering season both with a discount: one is hearsay, the other a ten-day peak.
The Book and the Hand
“Illustrations of orchidaceous plants; a series of one hundred figures, chiefly selected from the Botanical register and British flower garden” carries only Sarah Anne Drake, Edwin Dalton Smith's name. A plate is collective work: drawer, engraver and colourist were different hands, and the unnamed ones decided how good it looks.
What to Take Away
Carry three rules away: whole before detail; line before colour; picture before book. Two centuries on, the plant may still flower in some garden; the one on this sheet stopped in the season of 1857.
About this plate
Cypripedium ventricosum (1857) is plate 96, from Illustrations of orchidaceous plants; a series of one hundred figures, chiefly selected from the Botanical register and British flower garden, drawn by Sarah Anne Drake, Edwin Dalton Smith. This public-domain plate is reproduced at high resolution, free to view and download. Publication: London, Willis and Sotheran, 1857.
