![Perca rhomboidalis &c., The Pork Fish; Perca Piunis [pinnis] &c., The Schoolmaster. (1754) - The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands](/upload/nat/the-natural-history-of-carolina-florida-and-the-bahama-islands/146-original.webp)
Perca rhomboidalis &c., The Pork Fish; Perca Piunis [pinnis] &c., The Schoolmaster. (1754)
Ten ways of seeing
- broad 0.75 : 1
First Look
论画以形似，见与儿童邻。
—— 宋·苏轼《书鄢陵王主簿所画折枝》
To judge painting by likeness alone is the view of a child.
Broad and horizontal: the eye travels side to side. Find where it stops. Then step in close: watch where colour meets line, and whether the line ever breaks. Third, find the darkest small patch: the whole tonal order is measured from there.
Name and Thing
No reliable binomial survives, so the printed title must serve. Neither name nor binomial survives: the printed title must do.
Form and Colour
A bulb of overlapping fleshy scales gives the lily its Chinese name, 'hundred-fold'; six tepals reflex as the flower opens, around six stamens with long, T-shaped anthers.No colour group is recorded. Read the outline, then the colour layers, then the brush.
Composition
Broad and horizontal — the format for groups or a whole plant with its roots. No details are appended: a plate for looking, not for keying out. Old plates set the plant slightly off centre, with unequal margins — that small imbalance is what keeps it alive.
Line and Colour
Eighteenth-century plates are mostly copper engraving: hatched lines for shadow, then hand-colouring by another hand. Decide first whether it was printed or painted; only then discuss whether it is beautiful. If you mean to copy it: take its skeleton, its margins and the order of its colours; the burin's hatching is the language of copper — suggest it with pencil density, do not imitate it stroke for stroke.
Poetic Resonance
两丛香百合，一架粉长春。
—— 宋·陆游《北窗偶题四首 其一》
The poem gives the mood first and the picture supplies the form; set the line beside the plate and the corolla becomes its resting point.
Symbolism
In the West the white lily is Marian purity, held by the angel of the Annunciation; in China the name sounds like 'a hundred years in harmony', a wedding wish. Flower language was added later; the flower knows nothing of it, and that innocence is part of its power.
Season and Place
the flowers last only days, so artists drew them just as they opened. Temperate north — China, Japan, Europe. Long used in Chinese medicine, lilies were hunted in East Asia by nineteenth-century collectors and transformed European gardens. The year 1754 on the plate is that of publication, not of flowering — the gathering came a year or two earlier. Read the locality and the flowering season both with a discount: one is hearsay, the other a ten-day peak.
The Book and the Hand
“The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands” carries only Mark Catesby's name. From drawing to plate the sheet passed through several hands — the engraver aimed at accuracy, the colourist at speed, and between them lies each plate's unevenness.
What to Take Away
If you keep one line, keep Guo Xi's: from afar its momentum, up close its texture. A flora exists to be consulted; look long enough and you forget to consult — someone in 1754 gave a whole day to a single flower.
![Acacia &c., Frutor [Frutex] foliis oblongis &c.; Vipera caudisona minor, The Small Rattle-Snake. (1754)](/upload/nat/the-natural-history-of-carolina-florida-and-the-bahama-islands/002-thumb.webp)
![Althea [Alcea] Floridana, The Loblolly-Bay; Avis Tricolor, The Painted Finch. (1754)](/upload/nat/the-natural-history-of-carolina-florida-and-the-bahama-islands/008-thumb.webp)