Adelomyia? casteneiventris
Adelomyia? casteneiventris
Chestnut-bellied Adelomyia
- 学名
- Adelomyia? casteneiventris
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1852
- 图版号
- Pl. 203, Vol. III
- 原书页码
- p.203
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间出版。原书题作“Adelomyia? casteneiventris”,归入蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
全编共收录 421 幅图版,本图是其中一幅,原书将其列为 Pl. 203, Vol. III,见第 203 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Chiriqui
Examples of this new species of Humming Bird are, I believe, to be seen in my own Collection alone.
They were shot by M. Warszewicz, on the Cordillera of Chiriqui. One of the four specimens sent me by this gentleman has the crown of the head metallic green, a very rich chestnut-red pervading the whole of the under surface, and the outer tail-feathers tipped with buff; the three others have no metallic colouring on the crown, have the chestnut hue of the under surface paler, and the three lateral tail-feathers tipped with white. These differences induce a belief that the three latter are not identical with the former, but constitute a distinct though nearly allied species; and if this opinion should hereafter prove to be correct, then the term castaneiventris must be retained for the bird with the metallic crown and buff-tipped outer tailfeathers. I regret that the few specimens I possess do not admit of my determining the point, and I would, therefore, strongly urge collectors to visit the native country of the bird, as I feel assured that their sresearches would be amply repaid, not only by additional examples of this species, but by the discovery of many others, as a richer field for the naturalist does not exist between the Isthmus of Panama and Mexico, and numerous species, yet unknown to us, live in the neighbourhood of the Volcano of Chiriqui.
I have provisionally placed this bird in the genus Adelomyia, with a mark of doubt as to the propriety of so doing, for, although the uniform chestnut colouring of the under surface is not found in any other member of that genus, an approach to it is observable in the A. floriceps, while in the form of its bill and tail it very nearly resembles, not only that species, but also A. melanogenys.
The specimen of the true castaneiventris which graces my Collection, was killed at an altitude of 6000 feet; the three others above mentioned were obtained 2000 feet higher.
Crown of the head metallic green; upper surface green; wings purplish brown; tail dark bronzy green, crossed near the tip by a broad band of black; the lateral tail-feathers tipped with buff, which increases in extent as they recede from the central ones; all the under surface reddish chestnut; bill black.
The figures are of the natural size.
References
- Trochilus (———?) castaneoventris, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soe. 1850, p. 163.
- Metallura castaneiventris, Reichenb. Aufz. der Colibris, p. 8.
十二观
- 纵幅 1.49∶1
- 1852 年刊
- 图版 203, Vol. III
这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。
-
第一眼
凡画山水,意在笔先。
—— 唐·王维《山水论》
下笔之前,心里已经有了整幅画。看画时可以反过来推:画家先定了什么,后添了什么。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
-
名与实
学名缺席时,画面本身就是唯一的证据。此幅既无通行中文名,学名也不可靠,只能以原书题名相称——图谱里总有几幅这样的图,只能靠画面本身说话。
-
形与色
翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。看羽:先看覆羽的层次,再看飞羽的排列,最后才看颜色——颜色是最后才被注意到的部分。
-
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.49∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。试着用拇指遮住空白处——画面立刻变闷;放开,它才重新“喘上气”。留白,是给主体让出的气口。
-
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。拿放大镜(或手机微距)看三处:喙缘、覆羽、题名。线若连续不断,是刻的;色若越过轮廓半毫米,是手涂的。
-
时序
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1852 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。记下这一季:物候是最好用的鉴赏工具,见过一次活的花,再看图就不会只看颜色。
-
故土
仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》成于1849-1887,那一代人对这类鸟的知识,多半来自标本与笼养,而不是野地。
-
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 203, Vol. III,见原书第 203 页。一本书的“作者”常常是主编;真正决定这幅图好不好看的,是没留下名字的刻工与上色人。
-
诗境
夫列子御风而行,泠然善也,旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空,不落不飞,最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态,蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。把这一句放回画面:画面就是诗句的落点——诗先写气,画后写形,两者在此处接上了。
-
文心
竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。中外的分别不在谁高明,而在问的问题不同:欧洲问它是什么,中国问它像谁。两个问题都答了,一幅图才算读完。
-
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。花语是后人添上去的,花本身并不知道;但这层“不知道”,正是它最动人的地方。
-
带走一双眼睛
下次看鸟,别急着认名:先看它停的姿态,再看羽色在哪一段最深,最后才翻图鉴——顺序一换,看鸟就从“对答案”变成了“看画”。1852 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。