瑰丽蜂鸟属
Calothorax decoratus
Calothorax decoratus
Decorated Wood-star
- 中文名
- 瑰丽蜂鸟属
- 学名
- Calothorax decoratus
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1852
- 图版号
- Pl. 146, Vol. III
- 原书页码
- p.146
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.66∶1
第一眼
论画以形似,见与儿童邻。
—— 宋·苏轼《书鄢陵王主簿所画折枝》
只求画得像,是小孩的眼光。苏轼不是不要形似,是说形似之后还有一层:神。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Calothorax decoratus:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。一百多年前的命名者,把一种植物的来历压进了两个词。中文名“瑰丽蜂鸟属”是后人据学名回译的通行叫法,与古书里的旧名未必对得上——名与物之间,总隔着一层翻译。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟,喙细长如针,舌分叉成管,可伸入花心吸蜜;翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。看形制不必求全:记住喙形、翼式与栖姿,这一类的骨架就立住了。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置,左右留得不一样多:这一点偏心,正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。拿放大镜(或手机微距)看三处:喙缘、覆羽、题名。线若连续不断,是刻的;色若越过轮廓半毫米,是手涂的。想动笔临它的人记住一句:先铺大块的形与色,干后再收细部;石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点,水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
夫列子御风而行,泠然善也,旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空,不落不飞,最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态,蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。古人写到这一层,已不只是赏花,是借花说人;画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里,它首先是一个物种,其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
时与地
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节。仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1852 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上,季节便八九不离十;看题名里藏着的地名,来路也猜得出七分。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。版画是集体工程:绘图、刻版、上色各有其人,真正决定这幅图好不好看的,常是没留下名字的刻工与上色师。
带走一双眼睛
下次看鸟,别急着认名:先看它停的姿态,再看羽色在哪一段最深,最后才翻图鉴——顺序一换,看鸟就从“对答案”变成了“看画”。1852 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。
关于本图版
本图选自约翰·古尔德的《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),原书 1849—1887 年间出版。画面主体是瑰丽蜂鸟(Calothorax decoratus),在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 146, Vol. III,对应原书第 146 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Uncertain, but supposed to be Anupam in New Granad
My collection is graced with a very fine example of this bird, but by whom it was collected and whence it came are quite unknown to me.
In size it is directly intermediate between C. Mulsanti and C. Heliodori; although a larger bird than the latter, the feathers of the throat are less prolonged on the sides. It would be difficult to say to which of the two species above mentioned it is most nearly allied; and it is a bird which might be easily overlooked in collections from New Grenada, which will most probably prove to be its proper habitat. Of its specific value I have no doubt. I have a specimen taken out of spirits and given to me by Mr. Linden, which I think will prove to belong to this species; if so, the bird is from Antioquia.
The following description and remarks were published in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1860, and, as I have nothing to add thereto, they are reprinted here:—
This species might easily be mistaken for Calothorax Heliodori; but although closely allied to that bird, it differs from it in several particulars—in being much larger, in having the frill in. front of the throat not so prolonged at the sides (in which respect it more nearly resembles C. Mulsanti), the two centre tail-feathers finer or more spiny, and the bill much longer. These comparisons have been made with fine specimens in my collection of all three species.
Crown of the head, all the upper surface, and flanks deep grass-green; throat and sides of the neck very lovely shining lilac; chest grey; wings and tail purplish brown; bill black.
Total length 3 inches; bill
; wing 1 tail .
The figures are of the size of life. The plant is the Agave maculosa.
References
- Calothorax decoratus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxviii. p. 309.