Eustephanus Fernandensis
Eustephanus Fernandensis
Cinnamon Fire Crown
- 学名
- Eustephanus Fernandensis
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1854
- 图版号
- Pl. 267, Vol. IV
- 原书页码
- p.267
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
关于本图版
此图原刊于《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),绘者为约翰·古尔德,成书于 1849—1887 年间。原书题作“Eustephanus Fernandensis”,归入蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
全编共收录 421 幅图版,本图是其中一幅,原书将其列为 Pl. 267, Vol. IV,见第 267 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Juan Fernandez
Familiar as is the name of the island of Juan Fernandez to every one, it is not, I believe, generally known, that almost the only feathered inhabitants which enliven this isolated spot are three beautiful species of Humming Birds, viz. Eustephanus Fernandensis, E. Stokesi, and E. galeritus; of these, the present bird is the largest in size, and is moreover rendered peculiarly conspicuous, not only among its immediate congeners, but amidst the entire family, by the uniform cinnamon hue of its plumage, relieved alone by the flame-coloured crown.
Captain P. P. King, R.N., was the first who brought specimens to Europe, and gave a name to the bird; consequently, the term Fernandensis, proposed by him, has the priority over those of cinnamomea and Robinson, bestowed by the French naturalists Gervais and Lesson.
From about 1825, when Captain King procured his examples, up to the present time, 1854, no additional specimens had been received; Mr. Bridges, however, has recently visited Juan Fernandez, and the result of his explorations is the transmission of thirty fine specimens. These are all precisely alike; are we then to conclude that they are all males, or, that both sexes, when adult, are alike in colour, and the female decorated with the brilliant crown as well as the male? I have seen one specimen in which the brilliant crown was absent, but I had no means of ascertaining whether this was a young male, or a female; judging from analogy, I should have supposed that the females were destitute of this ornament, and if so, all the specimens sent by Mr. Bridges must be males.
Mr. Cuming informs me, that so fearless of man is this fine bird, that a gun is not necessary to procure examples, as it approaches so close that it may be readily killed with a stick.
Forehead and crown metallic fiery red; the entire plumage of the body and the tail-feathers deep cinnamon-red; wing-coverts the same, the lesser ones glossed with green and the greater passing into purple at the tip; spurious wing green; primaries and secondaries purplish brown; vent buffy white; bill black.
The figures represent the bird of the natural size, on the Thyrsopteris elegans of Kunze, a tree-fern of the island of Juan Fernandez.
References
- Trochilus Fernandensis, King in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., part i. p. 30.
- Ormsmya cinnamomea, Gerv. Mag. de Zool., tom. v., Ois. pl. 43.
- Ormsmya Robinson, Less. Ois. Mou. Velins, pl. 7.—De Latt. et Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 18.
- Mellisuga Fernandensis, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 113, Mellisuga, sp. 95.
- Sephanoides fernandensis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Ay., p. 82, Sephanoides, sp. 3.—Ib. Consp. Troch. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 256.
十二观
- 纵幅 1.52∶1
- 1854 年刊
- 图版 267, Vol. IV
这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。
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第一眼
凡画山水,意在笔先。
—— 唐·王维《山水论》
下笔之前,心里已经有了整幅画。看画时可以反过来推:画家先定了什么,后添了什么。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
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名与实
学名 Eustephanus fernandensis:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。双名制的好处是唯一:全世界叫这个名字的,只能是这一种。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。
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形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟,喙细长如针,舌分叉成管,可伸入花心吸蜜;翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。此幅只画一个种,形制的每一处都摊在纸面上,没有遮掩。
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构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.52∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完,是给眼睛留的落脚处:一张图若四边都塞满,花反而会闷。
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一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。还有一种证据在纸背:铜版压进纸里的那道痕、上色处微微凸起的颜料、再版时磨浅的线。扫描件里也能看出七分。
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时序
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1854 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。记下这一季:物候是最好用的鉴赏工具,见过一次活的花,再看图就不会只看颜色。
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故土
仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。这类植物的旅程比图版本身更长:从一座山到另一座山,从一种语言换到另一种语言。
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书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 267, Vol. IV,见原书第 267 页。图谱是集体工程:绘图、刻版、上色、编纂各有其人,署名的往往只有第一个。
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诗境
夫列子御风而行,泠然善也,旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空,不落不飞,最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态,蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。把这一句放回画面:画面就是诗句的落点——诗先写气,画后写形,两者在此处接上了。
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文心
竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。中外的分别不在谁高明,而在问的问题不同:欧洲问它是什么,中国问它像谁。两个问题都答了,一幅图才算读完。
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花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。花语是给人与人的关系用的;植物自己只关心有没有传粉的虫。这两套语言,可以并行不悖。
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带走一双眼睛
如果只能记一句,就记郭熙那八个字:远望取其势,近看取其质。看图、看花、看人,都一样。图谱的用意是“以备查考”,看久了却会忘记查考:1854 年的一个人,为一只鸟花了整整一天。