Heliomaster Angelæ
Heliomaster Angelæ
Angela Star-throat
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1854
- 图版号
- Pl. 263, Vol. IV
- 原书页码
- p.263
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间出版。原书题作“Heliomaster Angelæ”,归入蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
全编共收录 421 幅图版,本图是其中一幅,原书将其列为 Pl. 263, Vol. IV,见第 263 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Buenos Ayres and Tucuman
This very beautiful Humming Bird ranges over the countries of Buenos Ayres, Corrientes, and I believe the banks of the Parana generally; it is from these countries alone that I have received specimens, and never from Chili, as stated by M. Lesson; in addition to these localities, Mr. Reeves informs me that it also inhabits Matto-grosso in Brazil.
It is by no means common in our collections, a circumstance doubtless owing to its habitat not having been often visited by collectors from France or from this country; otherwise, from its extreme beauty and elegance, it could not have failed to attract their notice.
In the absence of all information respecting the habits and economy of this species, M. Lesson, after noticing the lengthened and slender form of the bill, remarks, that ordinarily it must obtain its food from the bottoms of bell-shaped flowers; and that it is from within the flowers of the Bignonias and of the long lianes with tubular corollas, which entwine and interlace each other in the forests of the New World, that this Humming Bird procures the small soft insects upon which it feeds.
Crown of the head luminous metallic green, changing in some lights to aquamarine, in others to bluish green, and in others to golden green; all the upper surface and the wing-coverts golden green, the golden hue predominating on the lower part of the back; wings purplish brown; tail purplish black, glossed with dark green; immediately behind the eye a spot of white, and on the cheeks a streak of grey; centre of the throat rich metallic purplish crimson, on each side of which is a series of elongated feathers of a rich deep metallic blue; under surface deep green, passing into rich blue on the middle of the body; tuft on each side and vent white; under tail-coverts green, fringed with white; bill black; feet blackish brown.
The female has the whole of the upper surface golden bronze, inclining to grey on the crown; tail green, deepening into black towards the extremity, and a spot of white at the tip of the three outer feathers of each side; wings purplish brown; all the under surface grey, fading into white on the throat and middle of the abdomen.
The Plate represents two males and a female of the natural size.
References
- Ornismya Angelæ, Less. Il. de Zool., pl. 45.
- Heliomaster angelæ, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 70, Heliomaster, sp. 1.
十二观
- 纵幅 1.36∶1
- 1854 年刊
- 图版 263, Vol. IV
这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。
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第一眼
搜尽奇峰打草稿。
—— 清·石涛《苦瓜和尚画语录》
走遍山川,才有资格落笔。博物画的画家也一样:先在温室与山野里看够了活的花,纸上那一朵才不虚。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
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名与实
图上只标属名 Heliomaster,未定种;这一时期的图谱常以一属数种合绘,种名要等后来的专著补齐。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。
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形与色
翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。没有解剖图,就靠主株一处一处看过去:叶怎么排,花怎么着生,果在哪里。
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构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.36∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。试着用拇指遮住空白处——画面立刻变闷;放开,它才重新“喘上气”。留白,是给主体让出的气口。
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一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实:刻工不会撒谎,上色的人赶时间的时候会。
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时序
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1854 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。同一株植物,春天与秋天看起来像两种东西;图谱选花期,是因为那时它最不容易认错。
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故土
仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。产地写在图上的,往往是“据说来自”;真正的野外记录,要等采集人回来才敢落笔。
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书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 263, Vol. IV,见原书第 263 页。图版今属公有领域,可以自由取用;但纸上那层手工上色,仍是两百年前某一个人的手。
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诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。诗以气行,画以形立;两种“看”叠在一起,才是看画的意思。
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文心
竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。中外的分别不在谁高明,而在问的问题不同:欧洲问它是什么,中国问它像谁。两个问题都答了,一幅图才算读完。
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花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里,它首先是一个物种,其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
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带走一双眼睛
鉴赏力不是知识,是习惯:每次多看一眼,十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。图谱的用意是“以备查考”,看久了却会忘记查考:1854 年的一个人,为一只鸟花了整整一天。