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星喉蜂鸟属·Heliomaster Constanti

Heliomaster Constanti

Heliomaster Constanti

Constant’s Star-throat

Pl. 260, Vol. IV · p.260 · 1854 · Gould's Hummingbirds · · 1849-1887

中文名
星喉蜂鸟属·Heliomaster Constanti
学名
Heliomaster Constanti
合集
古尔德蜂鸟图谱
绘者
John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
年代
1854
图版号
Pl. 260, Vol. IV
原书页码
p.260
授权
CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)

关于本图版

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间印行,本图即其中一幅。图中描绘的是星喉蜂鸟,在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。

该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 260, Vol. IV,对应原书第 260 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。

原书文字(英文 / 法文)

Guatemala, and Costa Rica

I have for a long time had examples of this bird in my collection with the name of Constanti attached thereto, but I have not as yet been able to find a description of it in any work; the “Echo du Monde Savante,” in which it is said to be described, being merely a kind of newspaper or journal of the day, and consequently seldom cared for after perusal, is now so rare as to be unprocurable.

I must therefore content myself with concluding that the name has been rightly applied.

I have received numerous examples direct from Guatemala, which I can affirm to be its true habitat; I have never seen it from the more southern countries of Veragua and Costa Rica, or the comparatively northern ones of Mexico proper; I have but little doubt that it inhabits the temperate and sterile regions of that country, especially those that are favourable to the growth of pines and various species of oak. Its brilliant scarlet throat will at all times serve to distinguish this from the other members of the genus.

The sexes present the usual difference of size, the female being smaller than her mate; in their colouring they are very similar, but the extent of the red on the throat is much less, and occupies the lower portion only in the female; and in some individuals of this sex is almost obsolete.

The tufts of white feathers on the sides, the irregular line of the same hue down the centre of the band, and the white line descending from the gape, are conspicuous features in this species.

Head, the upper surface, wing- and tail-coverts bronzy green, deepening into a sooty hue on the forehead; wings dull purplish brown; two centre tail-feathers bronzy green, the remainder bronzy green at the base, passing into black towards the tip, the extent of the green decreasing and of the black increasing as the feathers recede from the centre; each with a spot of white at the tip, that on the outer one occupying both webs, but not reaching quite to the tip of the outer web; the white spot on the others at the extremity of the inner web and gradually decreasing in size; spot behind the eye, streak down the cheeks, tuft on each side, and a line down the rump, white; chin black; throat rich deep luminous metallic red; under surface grey, washed with bronzy green on the flanks; under tail-coverts olive-brown, margined with white; bill black; feet dark brown.

The figures are of the natural size.

References

  • Trochilus Constantii, De Latt. Echo du Monde Savante, Juin 1843.

十二观

  • 纵幅 1.42∶1
  • 1854 年刊
  • 图版 260, Vol. IV

这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。

  1. 第一眼

    真山水之川谷,远望之以取其势,近看之以取其质。

    —— 宋·郭熙《林泉高致·山水训》

    远看取其气势,近看取其质地。八个字,就是看画的两步:先退后看整体,再凑近看笔与色。看花鸟图版一样管用。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。

  2. 名与实

    学名 Heliomaster constanti:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。双名制的好处是唯一:全世界叫这个名字的,只能是这一种。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。

  3. 形与色

    翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。此幅只画一个种,形制的每一处都摊在纸面上,没有遮掩。

  4. 构图与呼吸

    画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.42∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置,左右留得不一样多:这一点偏心,正是画面活起来的原因。

  5. 一刀一色

    十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。还有一种证据在纸背:铜版压进纸里的那道痕、上色处微微凸起的颜料、再版时磨浅的线。扫描件里也能看出七分。

  6. 时序

    热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1854 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。要判断一幅图的季节,不必看题跋:看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上,也就八九不离十了。

  7. 故土

    仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。同一部图谱里,同类往往排在一起;把几幅并看,差别比单看一幅清楚得多。

  8. 书与人

    《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 260, Vol. IV,见原书第 260 页。一本书的“作者”常常是主编;真正决定这幅图好不好看的,是没留下名字的刻工与上色人。

  9. 诗境

    夫列子御风而行,泠然善也,旬有五日而后反。

    —— 《庄子·逍遥游》

    蜂鸟悬停于空,不落不飞,最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态,蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。诗以气行,画以形立;两种“看”叠在一起,才是看画的意思。

  10. 文心

    竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。

    —— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》

    三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。读古文不必求全解,先认下这一句:它把“看花”换成了“看人”,你再看这幅图,眼里就多了一层。

  11. 花语

    阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里,它首先是一个物种,其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。

  12. 带走一双眼睛

    把这三件事带走:先整体后细节;先线后色;先看画再翻书。任何一张老图版,都可以用这三条读。1854 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》中的其它图版