蓝颏青蜂鸟属
Juliamyia typica
Juliamyia typica
Juilamya
- 中文名
- 蓝颏青蜂鸟属
- 学名
- Juliamyia typica
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 337, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.337
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.59∶1
第一眼
真山水之川谷，远望之以取其势，近看之以取其质。
—— 宋·郭熙《林泉高致·山水训》
远看取其气势，近看取其质地。八个字，就是看画的两步：先退后看整体，再凑近看笔与色。看花鸟图版一样管用。这一幅是竖的：眼睛从下往上走，落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛，让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Juliamyia typica：前一词是属，管它归在哪一类；后一词是种加词，管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。名字是通行证，也是懒办法——记住两个词，就抓住了一整个物种。中文名“蓝颏青蜂鸟属”是后人据学名回译的通行叫法，与古书里的旧名未必对得上——名与物之间，总隔着一层翻译。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟，喙细长如针，舌分叉成管，可伸入花心吸蜜；翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。看羽：先看覆羽的层次，再看飞羽的排列，最后才看颜色——颜色是最后才被注意到的部分。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄，鸟栖在枝的中段，上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式，留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完，是给眼睛留的落脚处：一张图若四边都塞满，花反而会闷。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。拿放大镜（或手机微距）看三处：喙缘、覆羽、题名。线若连续不断，是刻的；色若越过轮廓半毫米，是手涂的。想动笔临它的人记住一句：先铺大块的形与色，干后再收细部；石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点，水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
夫列子御风而行，泠然善也，旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空，不落不飞，最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态，蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。古人写到这一层，已不只是赏花，是借花说人；画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。花语是后人添上去的，花本身并不知道；但这层“不知道”，正是它最动人的地方。
时与地
热带美洲几乎全年可见，花期即其季节。仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。图上的产地常是“据说来自”，图上的花期常是“盛开那十日”——两处都要打个折扣读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。从画稿到成图要过好几双手：转刻的人求准，上色的人求快——快与准之间，就是各幅之间深浅不一的来历。
带走一双眼睛
把这三件事带走：先整体后细节；先线后色；先看画再翻书。任何一张老图版，都可以用这三条读。二百年后，这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着；而纸上这一只，永远停在 1861 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
本图选自约翰·古尔德的《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds），原书 1849—1887 年间出版。图中描绘的是蓝颏青蜂鸟，学名 Juliamyia typica，在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版，此图为其中之一，图版编号 Pl. 337, Vol. V，对应原书第 337 页，版式为纵幅。图像由公有领域原件扫描修复而来，细节在放大视图中仍清晰可辨。
原书文字（英文 / 法文）
New Granada
In the rounded and almost cuneate form of the tail, this bird differs from nearly all the known species of Humming-birds; it has therefore been made the type of a genus under the title of Juliamyia.
It is one of those species which have been a puzzle to me, and I doubt not to all other Trochilidists; some of the specimens having the crown as well as the throat and neck glittering metallic green, while in others the throat and neck only are so coloured, the crown of the head being of the same dull green as the remainder of the upper plumage; in both cases the individuals appear to be fully adult, and otherwise coloured precisely alike. It is not likely that the differences indicated are due to sex, since specimens in a totally different state of plumage, and which are doubtless females, are frequently sent with them from the same locality; it may be that the examples with the glittering crown are very old males.
The Juliamya typica enjoys a wide range of habitat, extending from the environs of Bogota to Ecuador; from both extremes, as well as from the intermediate countries, I have received examples. M. Bourcier procured it at Tunja, and I am indebted to Professor Jameson for two examples from the neighbourhood of Guayaquil. Specimens were also brought to this country by the late M. De Lattre; and I observe that some of these, like those procured by other collectors, have the glittering crown, and others not; in either state they are very beautiful, and the species may be considered as one of the most attractive of the smaller Humming-birds.
M. Bourcier dedicated this species to Madame Mulsant, who inspired her husband’s “Lettres à Julie sur l’Entomologie.”
The male in one state has the crown, sides of the neck and throat glittering grass-green; all the upper surface and wing-coverts green, passing into bronzy green on the upper tail-coverts; wings purplish brown; tail steely black; abdomen rich deep blue; under tail-coverts bluish black; upper mandible and point of the lower mandible black; the base of the latter flesh-colour.
In another state the male has the head of the same colour as the remainder of the upper surface, the throat only being glittering green.
The young male has the upper surface similar to the adult male last described, but the lateral tail-feathers are tipped with grey; the under surface is greyish with spangles of glittering green on the throat, and of rich blue on the upper part of the abdomen.
The female resembles the young male in the colouring of the upper surface and of the tail; her under surface is greyish white, washed with green on the sides of the neck and flanks.
The Plate represents two males in the different states described, and a female of the size of life.
References
- Ornismyia Julie, Bourc. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 373.
- Ornismya Juliæ, Boure. Ann. Sci. Phys. &e. de Lyon, 1842, p. 345. pl. 21.
- Hylocharis Juliæ, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 114, Hylocharis, sp. 24.
- Damophila Julia, Reich. Auf. der Col., p. 7.
- Juliamyia typica, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 255.
