辉尾蜂鸟属·Metallura Primolinus
Metallura Primolinus
Metallura Primolinus
Primoli’s Humming-Bird
- 中文名
- 辉尾蜂鸟属·Metallura Primolinus
- 学名
- Metallura Primolinus
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1852
- 图版号
- Pl. 194, Vol. III
- 原书页码
- p.194
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
关于本图版
本图选自约翰·古尔德的《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),原书 1849—1887 年间出版。辉尾蜂鸟(Metallura Primolinus)是本图的主角,在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 194, Vol. III,对应原书第 194 页,版式为纵幅。扫描件取自公有领域原件,经高分辨率修复与色彩校正,可按原大放大查看线条与设色。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Peru
I have been obliged to figure this bird from imperfect materials, the only specimen known being in a very indifferent state of preservation.
It is contained in the collection of M. Bourcier, of Paris, and, I feel assured, is a female, and perhaps an immature one; but if so, I am confident that it is the female of a species quite distinct from any other that has yet been discovered. This is one of the reasons which have induced me to attempt its illustration, as by this means collectors may be incited to seek for more perfect specimens. Another reason for my so doing is, that I wish to comply with the desire of my late, highly esteemed friend Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte, that the species should be named after his grandson, the infant son of Count Primoli, and that it should be figured in my work. I have deferred to the wishes of the Prince, and impatiently await the arrival of additional examples.
The Metalluræ are a group of Humming-Birds which has always interested me; and their richly luminous and ample tails cannot fail to elicit feelings of admiration in every one. The species are somewhat numerous, and they are all closely allied; yet each possesses certain prominent characters by which the ornithologist may readily discriminate the one from the other. They inhabit the great Andean range of mountains from the northernmost parts of New Granada to Bolivia and Peru; those inhabiting the last-mentioned countries are the largest and the most gorgeously attired.
The M. Primolinus is about the same size as the M. Williami, but differs from that species in the greater length of its bill and in the more luminous green colouring of the under side of the tail. It is said to be a native of Peru.
Crown of the head and upper surface dull bronzy green; under surface mottled bronzy green and buffy grey, the latter colour occupying the basal portion of the feathers; wings purplish brown; tail extremely luminous, shining green on the under surface and bronzy green and purplish blue on the upper, the three lateral feathers on each side slightly tipped with brownish grey; bill blackish brown, paler on the under than on the upper mandible; feet dark brown.
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is the Thibaudia Pichinchensis.
References
- Metallura primolina, Bourc. in Rey. et. Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 295; Reichenb. Aufz. der Col., p. 8.
- Metallura primolinus, Bonap. in Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 253.
- Metallura primulina, Reichenb. 'Troch. Enum., p. 5.
- Urolampra primolina, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein., p. 68, note.
十二观
- 纵幅 1.35∶1
- 1852 年刊
- 图版 194, Vol. III
这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。
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第一眼
搜尽奇峰打草稿。
—— 清·石涛《苦瓜和尚画语录》
走遍山川,才有资格落笔。博物画的画家也一样:先在温室与山野里看够了活的花,纸上那一朵才不虚。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
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名与实
学名 Metallura primolinus:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。双名制的好处是唯一:全世界叫这个名字的,只能是这一种。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。
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形与色
翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。看羽:先看覆羽的层次,再看飞羽的排列,最后才看颜色——颜色是最后才被注意到的部分。
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构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.35∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完,是给眼睛留的落脚处:一张图若四边都塞满,花反而会闷。
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一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。还有一种证据在纸背:铜版压进纸里的那道痕、上色处微微凸起的颜料、再版时磨浅的线。扫描件里也能看出七分。
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时序
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1852 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。要判断一幅图的季节,不必看题跋:看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上,也就八九不离十了。
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故土
仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。这类植物的旅程比图版本身更长:从一座山到另一座山,从一种语言换到另一种语言。
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书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 194, Vol. III,见原书第 194 页。图版今属公有领域,可以自由取用;但纸上那层手工上色,仍是两百年前某一个人的手。
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诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层,已不只是赏花,是借花说人;画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
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文心
竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。记住这一句,下次在别处见到同类,它会自己浮上来——鉴赏力就是这样一句一句攒出来的。
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花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。花语是后人添上去的,花本身并不知道;但这层“不知道”,正是它最动人的地方。
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带走一双眼睛
鉴赏力不是知识,是习惯:每次多看一眼,十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。1852 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。