Phaëthornis syrmatophorus
Phaëthornis syrmatophorus
Train-bearing Hermit
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
- 年代
- 1849
- 图版号
- Pl. 20, Vol. I
- 原书页码
- p.20
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.51∶1
第一眼
夫象物必在于形似，形似须全其骨气。
—— 唐·张彦远《历代名画记》
形似只是门槛，骨气才是要害。看一株植物，先看它立不立得住——这就是骨气。这一幅是竖的：眼睛从下往上走，落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛，让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名缺席时，画面本身就是唯一的证据。此幅既无通行中文名，学名也不可靠，只能以原书题名相称——图谱里总有几幅这样的图，只能靠画面本身说话。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟，喙细长如针，舌分叉成管，可伸入花心吸蜜；翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。看羽：先看覆羽的层次，再看飞羽的排列，最后才看颜色——颜色是最后才被注意到的部分。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄，鸟栖在枝的中段，上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式，留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置，左右留得不一样多：这一点偏心，正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色
十九世纪上半叶是铜版、钢版与石版交替的时期。点刻能把明暗过渡做得极细，雷杜德的玫瑰即以此著称；石版则更宜表现柔和的色层。先判断它是“印”的还是“画”的，再谈好不好看——这是看老版画最实用的一条规矩。想动笔临它的人记住一句：临它的骨架、留白与设色次序就好；刀口的排线是铜版与刻刀的语言，铅笔不必硬学，用疏密代替它。
诗境
夫列子御风而行，泠然善也，旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空，不落不飞，最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态，蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。把这一句放回画面：画面就是诗句的落点——诗先写气，画后写形，两者在此处接上了。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。象征多半来自形状与气味：像杯的、像泪的、香的、臭的——先有形状，后有意义。
时与地
热带美洲几乎全年可见，花期即其季节。仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1849 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上，季节便八九不离十；看题名里藏着的地名，来路也猜得出七分。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。图版今属公有领域，可以自由取用；但纸上那层手工上色，仍是两百年前某一个人的手。
带走一双眼睛
下次看鸟，别急着认名：先看它停的姿态，再看羽色在哪一段最深，最后才翻图鉴——顺序一换，看鸟就从“对答案”变成了“看画”。二百年后，这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着；而纸上这一只，永远停在 1849 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds），由约翰·古尔德绘制，1849—1887 年间出版。图中描绘的是 Phaëthornis syrmatophorus，归入蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。
全编共收录 421 幅图版，本图是其中一幅，原书将其列为 Pl. 20, Vol. I，见第 20 页，版式为纵幅。扫描件取自公有领域原件，经高分辨率修复与色彩校正，可按原大放大查看线条与设色。
原书文字（英文 / 法文）
Ecuador
I am indebted to Professor Jameson of Quito for several examples of this new species of Phaëthornis, which had been procured in the neighbourhood of that city.
In all probability, the eastern portions of Peru, from the Equator to Bolivia, are the true and proper habitat of the bird. Certain it is, that I have never seen examples from any part of Columbia, which tends to strengthen this supposition. The species to which it seems to be most nearly allied is the P. Eurynome; but it differs from that and every other I have seen in several particulars, namely in the rich buffy hue which pervades the lower part of the abdomen and the under tail-coverts; in the zone of rich buff which occupies the lower part of the back and the upper tail-coverts; in the lateral tail-feathers being very short, and largely tipped with buff; in the two central tail-feathers being very long, much broader and of a looser texture; and moreover, having their apical halves pure white, which renders them very conspicuous, and has suggested the specific name of Syrmatophorus or Train-bearer.
Mr. Bridges brought from Bolivia a single specimen of a bird so closely resembling this species in general appearance, that I am inclined to think it may be a female of the present bird, the chief differences being its smaller size, and the somewhat narrower form of the apical halves of the central tail-feathers: it may, however, prove to be distinct.
Crown of the head and back of the neck dark brown, most of the feathers narrowly edged with buff; back and shoulders bronzy green, with crescentic bands of buff; rump and upper tail-coverts rich buff, forming a conspicuous mark; chin white; a buffy-white mark surmounts the eye, and extends backward down the sides of the neck; chest, abdomen, and under tail-coverts rich buff; basal half of the two central tail-feathers black on the edges, and green in the centre; their apical half white; lateral feathers greyish black, largely tipped with buff; wings purplish brown; upper mandible blackish brown; under mandible orange-red; feet brown.
The figures are of the natural size. The beautiful plant is the Rondeletia versicolor.
References
- Phaëthorms Syrmatophorus, Gould in Jard. Orn. Cont., 1851.
