美洲蜂鸟属·Amazilia Ocai
Amazilia Ocai
Amazilia Ocai
D’Ocai’s Amazili
- 中文名
- 美洲蜂鸟属·Amazilia Ocai
- 学名
- Amazilia Ocai
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 289, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.289
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 略纵 1.16∶1
第一眼
竖划三寸，当千仞之高；横墨数尺，体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山，几尺横墨能容百里之远。尺幅从来不是障碍，取舍才是本事。这一幅略高于宽，落点在中央偏上那只鸟的头部。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Amazilia ocai：前一词是属，管它归在哪一类；后一词是种加词，管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。双名制的好处是唯一：全世界叫这个名字的，只能是这一种。此幅尚无通行中文名，姑以学名相称；在没有本地名字的地方，学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色
翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞；羽色非颜料所致，是羽枝结构折射的光，随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。看羽：先看覆羽的层次，再看飞羽的排列，最后才看颜色——颜色是最后才被注意到的部分。
构图与呼吸
画幅略高于宽，鸟身居中偏上，视线落在头部与喙。全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。试着用拇指遮住空白处——画面立刻变闷；放开，它才重新“喘上气”。留白，是给主体让出的气口。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实：刻工不会撒谎，上色的人赶时间的时候会。想动笔临它的人记住一句：先铺大块的形与色，干后再收细部；石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点，水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见，点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟，然“穿花”之态，杜甫早已写过：贴着花心走，是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层，已不只是赏花，是借花说人；画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。花语是给人与人的关系用的；植物自己只关心有没有传粉的虫。这两套语言，可以并行不悖。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁，一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。图上的产地常是“据说来自”，图上的花期常是“盛开那十日”——两处都要打个折扣读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。图版今属公有领域，可以自由取用；但纸上那层手工上色，仍是两百年前某一个人的手。
带走一双眼睛
鉴赏力不是知识，是习惯：每次多看一眼，十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。二百年后，这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着；而纸上这一只，永远停在 1861 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds）由约翰·古尔德绘制，1849—1887 年间印行，本图即其中一幅。画面主体是美洲蜂鸟（Amazilia Ocai），在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版，此图为其中之一，图版编号 Pl. 289, Vol. V，对应原书第 289 页，版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描，构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字（英文 / 法文）
Mexico
The only example I have yet seen of this very distinct species of Humming-Bird was obtained at Xalapa in Southern Mexico, by M. Rafael Montes d’Oca.
I have placed this new bird in the genus Amazilia, because I believe it to be a member of that group; at the same time I am aware that there is no other species of this genus that is similarly coloured: it has many characters in common with a bird in the Loddigesian collection, to which M. Bourcier has given the name of Norrisi; but after a careful comparison of the two birds side by side, I can come to no other conclusion than that they are distinct from each other. The Norrisi has much the appearance of a young male of Cyanomyia cyanocephala, having a white breast and a slight tinge of blue on the crown; and were not the specimen mounted and placed in the centre of a large case, I could have instituted a more minute comparison, and by this means have been enabled to settle this point more to my satisfaction. The native country of the Norrisi is Bolaños.
In naming this bird after its discoverer, I have been anxious to bear testimony to the great zeal and activity displayed by M. d’Oca in collecting the natural productious of Mexico; his name deserves perpetuation, too, for the masterly manner in which his specimens have been prepared and sent to Europe.
Crown, sides of the head, throat and breast glittering grass-green, with a few of the white bases of the feathers showing on the centre of the throat; back of the neck and upper part of the back deep green; upper and under wing-coverts, flanks, lower part of the back, upper tail-coverts and tail greenish bronze; under surface of the base of the outer tail-feathers reddish buff; wings purplish brown; base of the secondaries reddish buff; abdomen pale brown; under tail-coverts light bronze margined with white; bill black, lighter beneath; feet brown.
The figures are the size of life. The plant is the Tropæolum umbellatum.
References
- Amazilia Ocai, Gould in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. 3rd ser. p. 96.
