首页 > 合集 > Gould's Hummingbirds（古尔德蜂鸟图谱） > Heliodoxa Leadbeateri

Heliodoxa Leadbeateri

Leadbeater’s Brilliant

Pl. 97, Vol. II · p.97 · 1850 · Gould's Hummingbirds · John Gould · 1849-1887

学名: Heliodoxa Leadbeateri
合集: 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
绘者: John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
年代: 1850
图版号: Pl. 97, Vol. II
原书页码: p.97
授权: CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)

关于本图版

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds）由约翰·古尔德绘制，1849—1887 年间印行，本图即其中一幅。画面主体为 Heliodoxa Leadbeateri，在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。

该合集全编共 421 幅图版，此图为其中之一，图版编号 Pl. 97, Vol. II，对应原书第 97 页，版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描，构图与设色未经改动。

原书文字（英文 / 法文）

The hilly parts of New Granada

When this bird was described by M. Bourcier in 1843, but few specimens had reached Europe; and, indeed, it has only recently become common.

Its native country is the great uplifted lands known as the Andean range of mountains, and the spurs and lower hills which jut out eastwardly in the direction of the interior; it even extends its range to the high lands of the Caraccas, as shown by specimens brought from thence by the late Mr. David Dyson. Bogota, however, is the country in which-it is most numerous; here, wherever a district suitable to its habits and economy occurs, within an area of one hundred miles from the city of Sta. Fé de Bogota, it appears to be found; and from this city hundreds of Indian skinned specimens are from time to time sent to Europe. I have never seen examples from Ecuador, and believe it is never found nearer to Quito than Popayan: neither does its near ally extend its range to this equatorial region; at least, no specimens have as yet been sent from thence. It would seem that both species inhabit countries at an equal distance from either side of the line—one on the south, the other on the north.

It will have been noticed that very many species of this group of birds have been named after persons, living or dead, who have rendered themselves conspicuous for their devotion to art and science, or as promoters of our knowledge of natural history. The name of Leadbeater, given to the present bird, is familiar to every ornithologist in Europe; I have known all three of the generations of this family, who have devoted themselves to Ornithology, and can bear testimony to the zeal and liberality with which they have at all times assisted the researches of scientific men to the utmost of their power. The compliment, therefore, cannot be considered as ill bestowed.

The sexes of the Helodoxa Leadbeateri present the same difference in their colouring that is seen in the H. Otero and H. jacula, the female not having the brilliant blue crown; neither does she exhibit the brilliant green colouring of the breast, which, when seen in a newly-moulted bird, surpasses imagination; it is, however, still finer in the H. Otero; no pencil can possibly-give more than a faint idea of its brilliancy.

The male has the crown brilliant metallic blue; throat and breast luminous green; back of the neck coppery red, appearing black if viewed in front; back, wing-coverts, abdomen and flanks bronzy green; wings purplish brown; upper tail-coverts reddish bronze; central tail-feathers bronze; lateral feathers purplish black, with bronzy reflexions; under tail-coverts olive; behind the eye a small patch of white; bill black; feet dark brown.

The female has the upper surface bronzy green, with a tinge of red at the nape; wings purplish brown; central tail-feathers bronze; lateral feathers purplish black, tipped with white; under surface white, spangled with green; lower part of the abdomen buff; under tail-coverts pale green, margined with light buff.

The Plate represents both sexes of the natural size. The plant is the Trichopilia suavis.

References

Trochilus Leadbeateri, Boure. Rey. Zool. 18438, p. 102.—Ib. Ann. Sci. Phys. &c. de Lyon, 1843, p. 43. pl. 5.
Leadbeatera grata, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p: 70, Leadbeatera, sp. 2.—Ib. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 251.
Mellisuga Leadbeateri, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 112, Mellisuga, sp. 3.
Heliodoxa leadbeateri, Sclat. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxv. p. 16.

十二观

略纵 1.21∶1
1850 年刊
图版 97, Vol. II

这不是词条，是一条看画的次序：先站定看整体，再看名字与形色、构图与刀工，然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手；最后是中国诗文——同一朵花，中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完，这幅图就打开了。

第一眼

真山水之川谷，远望之以取其势，近看之以取其质。

—— 宋·郭熙《林泉高致·山水训》

远看取其气势，近看取其质地。八个字，就是看画的两步：先退后看整体，再凑近看笔与色。看花鸟图版一样管用。这一幅略高于宽，落点在中央偏上那只鸟的头部。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实

学名 Heliodoxa leadbeateri：前一词是属，管它归在哪一类；后一词是种加词，管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。名字是通行证，也是懒办法——记住两个词，就抓住了一整个物种。此幅尚无通行中文名，姑以学名相称；在没有本地名字的地方，学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色

蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟，喙细长如针，舌分叉成管，可伸入花心吸蜜；翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。此幅只画一个种，形制的每一处都摊在纸面上，没有遮掩。
构图与呼吸

画幅略高于宽，鸟身居中偏上，视线落在头部与喙。（高宽比约 1.21∶1）全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置，左右留得不一样多：这一点偏心，正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色

十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。先判断它是“印”的还是“画”的，再谈好不好看——这是看老版画最实用的一条规矩。
时序

热带美洲几乎全年可见，花期即其季节；温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁，一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1850 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。花期短，画期长：一幅这样的图，往往要等一整个春天；画上那朵，是等来的，不是想来的。
故土

仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。这类植物的旅程比图版本身更长：从一座山到另一座山，从一种语言换到另一种语言。
书与人

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds）由约翰·古尔德绘，成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 97, Vol. II，见原书第 97 页。图谱是集体工程：绘图、刻版、上色、编纂各有其人，署名的往往只有第一个。
诗境

夫列子御风而行，泠然善也，旬有五日而后反。

—— 《庄子·逍遥游》

蜂鸟悬停于空，不落不飞，最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态，蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。诗以气行，画以形立；两种“看”叠在一起，才是看画的意思。
文心

竖划三寸，当千仞之高；横墨数尺，体百里之迥。

—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》

三寸的竖线可当千仞高山，几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大，画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》（1849—1887）以石版手工上色，金箔衬底，使羽色在纸上仍有金属光；这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。中外的分别不在谁高明，而在问的问题不同：欧洲问它是什么，中国问它像谁。两个问题都答了，一幅图才算读完。
花语

阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里，它首先是一个物种，其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
带走一双眼睛

鉴赏力不是知识，是习惯：每次多看一眼，十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。1850 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土，它留在纸上的样子，却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。