Myiabeillia typica
Myiabeillia typica
Abeille’s Flutterer
- 学名
- Myiabeillia typica
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1854
- 图版号
- Pl. 211, Vol. IV
- 原书页码
- p.211
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.55∶1
第一眼
江馆清秋,晨起看竹,烟光日影露气,皆浮动于疏枝密叶之间。
—— 清·郑板桥《题画竹》
郑板桥说他画竹,是先看见“烟光日影露气”在枝叶间浮动,才动手。看画时找这一层空气,比记住花的名字更要紧。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Myiabeillia typica:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。一百多年前的命名者,把一种植物的来历压进了两个词。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟,喙细长如针,舌分叉成管,可伸入花心吸蜜;翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。别只看花:叶脉的走向、萼片的长短、甚至茎上的毛,都是画家用来区分物种的证据。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完,是给眼睛留的落脚处:一张图若四边都塞满,花反而会闷。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。先判断它是“印”的还是“画”的,再谈好不好看——这是看老版画最实用的一条规矩。想动笔临它的人记住一句:先铺大块的形与色,干后再收细部;石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点,水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层,已不只是赏花,是借花说人;画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里,它首先是一个物种,其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1854 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。那一代人对这类鸟的知识,多半来自标本与笼养。看这一类图,不妨把产地和季节都当“据说”来读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。图版今属公有领域,可以自由取用;但纸上那层手工上色,仍是两百年前某一个人的手。
带走一双眼睛
把这三件事带走:先整体后细节;先线后色;先看画再翻书。任何一张老图版,都可以用这三条读。二百年后,这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着;而纸上这一只,永远停在 1854 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
此图原刊于《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),绘者为约翰·古尔德,成书于 1849—1887 年间。图中描绘的是 Myiabeillia typica,归入蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
全编共收录 421 幅图版,本图是其中一幅,原书将其列为 Pl. 211, Vol. IV,见第 211 页,版式为纵幅。图像由公有领域原件扫描修复而来,细节在放大视图中仍清晰可辨。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Mexico and Guatemala
“This species,” says M. De Lattre, usually confines itself to the forests, but also seeks its food among the wild flowers in the vicinity of Jalapa. Its flight is airy and buoyant, not unlike that of some of the moths. In its habits it is very unsociable, and the least thing alarms it.”
That it enjoys a wide range of habitat is certain, as, besides being found near Jalapa,.as mentioned by M. De Lattre, I have lately received from George Ure Skinner, Esq., now (1854) resident in Guatemala, examples of both sexes, which had been killed in Coban by M. Riviera Paz, a young Guatemalan naturalist of very promising attainments.
Mr. Skinner has been well known for many years to the lovers of botany, as one to whom they are greatly indebted for unfolding the botanical riches of South America, and especially of Guatemala. At my request he has now kindly consented to pay as much attention as circumstances will admit to the lovely group of birds forming the subject of the present work, and some of the interesting species which I have recently obtained, have been procured through his instrumentality. Two branches of science having therefore been promoted in no slight degree by his energies, I have much pleasure in figuring the present pretty Humming-Bird, with the exquisite orchid named Lycaste Skinneri in honour of this gentleman.
The Myiabeillia typica, as its name implies, is the first species of the form that has been named; indeed it is the only one of the genus that has yet been discovered. In point of beauty this bird has but little to recommend it, a small patch of glittering green on the throat being all the metallic or brilliant colouring with which it is decorated.
The male has the head, wing-coverts, upper surface, two central tail-feathers, sides of the neck and flanks dark bronzy grass-green; wings purplish brown; lateral tail-feathers black, tipped with grey; on the throat a patch of brilliant grass-green; centre of the chest dull black; abdomen ashy grey; under tailcoverts pale green, edged with dark grey.
The female differs in having the whole of the under surface brownish grey.
The figures represent the two sexes of the size of life.
References
- Trochilus Abeillei, De Latt. et Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 16.
- Mellisuga Abeillei, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 112, Mellisuga, sp. 37.
- Ramphomicron abeilli, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 79, Ramphomicron, sp. 4.
- Myiabeillia typica, Bonap. Consp. Troch. in Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 253.