Thaumatias viridiceps
Thaumatias viridiceps
Green-headed Emerald
- 学名
- Thaumatias viridiceps
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 295, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.295
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.42∶1
第一眼
六法者何？一、气韵生动是也；二、骨法用笔是也；三、应物象形是也；四、随类赋彩是也；五、经营位置是也；六、传移模写是也。
—— 南齐·谢赫《古画品录》
一千五百年前的六条标准：气韵、用笔、形似、设色、构图、临摹。你在这幅图上一样样对过去，就是一次完整的读画。这一幅是竖的：眼睛从下往上走，落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛，让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Thaumatias viridiceps：前一词是属，管它归在哪一类；后一词是种加词，管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。名字是通行证，也是懒办法——记住两个词，就抓住了一整个物种。此幅尚无通行中文名，姑以学名相称；在没有本地名字的地方，学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟，喙细长如针，舌分叉成管，可伸入花心吸蜜；翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。颜色不是平涂的：最浅处近乎纸色，最深处在花瓣重叠的缝里。把这两处找到，画面的呼吸就出来了。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄，鸟栖在枝的中段，上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式，留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置，左右留得不一样多：这一点偏心，正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。拿放大镜（或手机微距）看三处：喙缘、覆羽、题名。线若连续不断，是刻的；色若越过轮廓半毫米，是手涂的。想动笔临它的人记住一句：先铺大块的形与色，干后再收细部；石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点，水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
夫列子御风而行，泠然善也，旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空，不落不飞，最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态，蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。古人写到这一层，已不只是赏花，是借花说人；画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。花语是给人与人的关系用的；植物自己只关心有没有传粉的虫。这两套语言，可以并行不悖。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁，一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。那一代人对这类鸟的知识，多半来自标本与笼养。看这一类图，不妨把产地和季节都当“据说”来读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。版画是集体工程：绘图、刻版、上色各有其人，真正决定这幅图好不好看的，常是没留下名字的刻工与上色师。
带走一双眼睛
把这三件事带走：先整体后细节；先线后色；先看画再翻书。任何一张老图版，都可以用这三条读。二百年后，这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着；而纸上这一只，永远停在 1861 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds），由约翰·古尔德绘制，1849—1887 年间出版。图中描绘的是 Thaumatias viridiceps，归入蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。
全编共收录 421 幅图版，本图是其中一幅，原书将其列为 Pl. 295, Vol. V，见第 295 页，版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描，构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字（英文 / 法文）
Ecuador
The present species, which I have no hesitation in pronouncing new to science, may be regarded as one of the most recently discovered members of the family Trochilidæ, since I received it direct from Quito in the year 1860.
The bird, it is true, has several representatives in other parts of South America, particularly in the eastern and north-eastern parts of that country. It far exceeds most of the other members of the genus Thaumatias in the size and strength of its bill and in the robustness of its body. Although I have said I received this bird direct from Quito, it must not be supposed that I mean that it is found in the immediate vicinity of that city; on the contrary, I am convinced that it is not, and believe that its proper habitat is the warmer district of Nanegal, as it was accompanied by other species which are known to inhabit that part of Ecuador. I possess three specimens of this bird, which it would appear comprise representatives of both sexes; and if such be the case, then the female merely differs from the male in being of smaller size, in having a less brilliantly coloured crown, and the two outer tail-feathers tipped with greyish white.
This somewhat remarkable species is almost as stout in its bill, head, and body as the members of the genus Cyanomyia, while its tail is short and the feathers narrow, as in Thaumatias leucogaster and T. chionopectus.
Crown of the head, nape, and sides of the neck glittering light green; back and shoulders bronzy green; throat and abdomen pure white; flanks white, faintly spotted with yellowish green; under tail-coverts white; tail-feathers purplish grey, with an obscure band of purplish brown near the tip of the three outer ones on each side; upper mandible black; under mandible yellowish, except at the extreme tip, which is black.
The figures are of the size of life. The plant is the Evelyna Caravata.
References
- Thaumatias viridiceps, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxviii. p. 307.
