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Thaumatias candidus

White-breasted Emerald

Pl. 292, Vol. V · p.292 · 1861 · Gould's Hummingbirds · John Gould · 1849-1887

学名: Thaumatias candidus
合集: 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
绘者: John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
年代: 1861
图版号: Pl. 292, Vol. V
原书页码: p.292
授权: CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)

关于本图版

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds）由约翰·古尔德绘制，1849—1887 年间印行，本图即其中一幅。画面主体为 Thaumatias candidus，在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。

该合集全编共 421 幅图版，此图为其中之一，图版编号 Pl. 292, Vol. V，对应原书第 292 页，版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描，构图与设色未经改动。

原书文字（英文 / 法文）

Guatemala and Southern Mexico

The Thaumatias candidus ranges widely over the southern parts of Mexico and Guatemala, and, judging from the number of specimens which have been transmitted to Europe through the instrumentality of De Lattre, Sallé, Skinner, and Salvin, it must be a common species in those countries; at the same time, I doubt not that, like nearly every other member of the family, it is somewhat local.

Mr. Salvin states, in the ‘Ibis,’ vol. ii. p. 40, that it is “common on the Atlantic coast region, and thence one day’s ride into the interior;” he also met with it in abundance in the Vera Paz Mountains; and at page 170 he says:—‘ This species, which is very abundant about Coban, is also found at Yzabal. Many species of Humming-Birds in Guatemala extend through a great range of temperature, the same species being frequently found both in the coast regions and also in the more elevated districts. The males of T. candidus largely predominate in numbers at Coban; of those actually dissected, the ratio is as seven males to one female.”

Mr. G. C. Taylor states that he saw very few specimens during his stay at Honduras. Southern Mexico and Guatemala, then, may be considered the true habitat of this species,—a species which differs from all the other members of the genus in the great amount of white on the breast and under surface, and by the absence of any luminous colouring on the other parts of the body. All the specimens of this bird I possess are so much alike that I suspect dissection must be resorted to to ascertain which are males and which are females. The remark made by Mr. Salvin, that the females are much less numerous than the males, is, I doubt not, due to a separation of the sexes at the time of year Mr. Salvin was among them. In all probability, the males and females associate each by themselves during the winter months, and pair again, as usual with all birds, just prior to the breeding season.

Head, all the upper surface, wing- and tail-coverts, sides of the neck, and flanks greenish bronze; wings purplish brown; two middle tail-feathers bronze, the remainder deep grey, glossed with bronze, and crossed near the tip with a band of reddish brown; centre of the throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts snowy white; bill black, except the basal two-thirds of the under mandible, which appears to have been reddish flesh-colour.

The accompanying Plate is intended to represent the male and female of this common but pretty species. The red flowering plant is inserted more as a contrast to the white breast of the bird than as one upon which it seeks its food; it is the Gesneria Schiedeana.

References

Trochilus candidus, Bourc. and Muls. in Ann. Sci. Phys. &c. de Lyon, 1846, p. 326.
Polytmus candidus, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 108, Polytmus, sp. 49.
Thaumatias candidus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 78, Thaumatias, sp. 3.—Sclat. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxiv. p. 287.—G. C. Taylor in Ibis, vol. ii. p. 116.
Thaumatias candidus, Bonap. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 255.—Salvy. and Sclat. in Ibis, vol. ii. p. 40.—Salv. in Ibis, vol. i. p. 270.—Sclat. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxvii. p. 386.

十观

纵幅 1.47∶1
1861 年刊
图版 292, Vol. V

这不是词条，是一条看画的次序：先站定看整体，再认名字、品形色、观构图与刀工——想动笔临它的人，刀工那一段替你标了该学什么；行至中途停下，听一句中国诗——同一朵花，古人是怎么看的；然后是花语、时与地、书与人；最后读一句古文，带走一双看画的眼。

第一眼

真山水之川谷，远望之以取其势，近看之以取其质。

—— 宋·郭熙《林泉高致·山水训》

远看取其气势，近看取其质地。八个字，就是看画的两步：先退后看整体，再凑近看笔与色。看花鸟图版一样管用。这一幅是竖的：眼睛从下往上走，落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛，让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实

学名 Thaumatias candidus：前一词是属，管它归在哪一类；后一词是种加词，管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。名字是通行证，也是懒办法——记住两个词，就抓住了一整个物种。此幅尚无通行中文名，姑以学名相称；在没有本地名字的地方，学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色

蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟，喙细长如针，舌分叉成管，可伸入花心吸蜜；翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。此幅只画一个种，形制的每一处都摊在纸面上，没有遮掩。
构图与呼吸

画幅高而窄，鸟栖在枝的中段，上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式，留给它飞走的余地。（高宽比约 1.47∶1）全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置，左右留得不一样多：这一点偏心，正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色

十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实：刻工不会撒谎，上色的人赶时间的时候会。想动笔临它的人记住一句：先铺大块的形与色，干后再收细部；石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点，水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境

穿花蛱蝶深深见，点水蜻蜓款款飞。

—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》

中土无蜂鸟，然“穿花”之态，杜甫早已写过：贴着花心走，是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层，已不只是赏花，是借花说人；画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语

阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里，它首先是一个物种，其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
时与地

热带美洲几乎全年可见，花期即其季节。仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》成于1849-1887；那一代人对这类鸟的知识，多半来自标本与笼养。看这一类图，不妨把产地和季节都当“据说”来读。
书与人

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds）由约翰·古尔德绘，成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 292, Vol. V，见原书第 292 页。图版今属公有领域，可以自由取用；但纸上那层手工上色，仍是两百年前某一个人的手。
文心

竖划三寸，当千仞之高；横墨数尺，体百里之迥。

—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》

三寸的竖线可当千仞高山，几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大，画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》（1849—1887）以石版手工上色，金箔衬底，使羽色在纸上仍有金属光；这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。读古文不必求全解，先认下这一句：它把“看花”换成了“看人”，你再看这幅图，眼里就多了一层。