Aglæactis Castelnaudi
Aglæactis Castelnaudi
Castelnau’s Sunbeam
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1852
- 图版号
- Pl. 180, Vol. III
- 原书页码
- p.180
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.58∶1
第一眼
江馆清秋,晨起看竹,烟光日影露气,皆浮动于疏枝密叶之间。
—— 清·郑板桥《题画竹》
郑板桥说他画竹,是先看见“烟光日影露气”在枝叶间浮动,才动手。看画时找这一层空气,比记住花的名字更要紧。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
名与实
没有学名可依,就看题名:题名里往往藏着产地、赠者或一句形容。此幅既无通行中文名,学名也不可靠,只能以原书题名相称——图谱里总有几幅这样的图,只能靠画面本身说话。
形与色
翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。画幅高而窄,形与色的关系因此看得格外清楚:先读轮廓,再读色层,最后才看笔触。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。试着用拇指遮住空白处——画面立刻变闷;放开,它才重新“喘上气”。留白,是给主体让出的气口。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。还有一种证据在纸背:铜版压进纸里的那道痕、上色处微微凸起的颜料、再版时磨浅的线。扫描件里也能看出七分。想动笔临它的人记住一句:先铺大块的形与色,干后再收细部;石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点,水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。诗以气行,画以形立;两种“看”叠在一起,才是看画的意思。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。象征多半来自形状与气味:像杯的、像泪的、香的、臭的——先有形状,后有意义。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1852 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。那一代人对这类鸟的知识,多半来自标本与笼养。看这一类图,不妨把产地和季节都当“据说”来读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。从画稿到成图要过好几双手:转刻的人求准,上色的人求快——快与准之间,就是各幅之间深浅不一的来历。
带走一双眼睛
下次看鸟,别急着认名:先看它停的姿态,再看羽色在哪一段最深,最后才翻图鉴——顺序一换,看鸟就从“对答案”变成了“看画”。二百年后,这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着;而纸上这一只,永远停在 1852 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间印行,本图即其中一幅。原书题作“Aglæactis Castelnaudi”,在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 180, Vol. III,对应原书第 180 页,版式为纵幅。扫描件取自公有领域原件,经高分辨率修复与色彩校正,可按原大放大查看线条与设色。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
The mountains near Cusco in Peru
Two specimens of this extremely fine species of Aglæactis are all that are known; these were collected in the neighbourhood of Cusco by the celebrated and intrepid traveller, Count Castelnau, during his travels in Peru.
One of these specimens graces the gallery of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, the other my own collection; the latter is probably a female, and the former a young male: whenever the fully adult bird is discovered, it will doubtless prove to be an object of the greatest beauty.
Its large size, the resplendent purple colouring of the back, and the great number of broad, elongated and pendent plumes of the breast, certainly render it the most ornamental species of the genus. It is allied to Aglæactis cupripennis and A. Pamela, which, combined with the A. caumatonotus, form one of the best-defined genera of the family.
This species has been named by MM. Bourcier and Mulsant in honour of its discoverer.
The male has the general plumage of a dark bronzy-brown, mottled with patches of a lighter hue about the sides of the head, neck and throat; lower part of the back and upper tail-coverts beautiful lilaceouspurple; wings bronzy-brown; on the centre of the chest a number of pendent white plumes; tail rufous, glossed with bronze on the central feathers and the margins and tips of the remainder; under surface bronzy-brown, fading into buffy-red on the under tail-coverts; upper mandible black; under mandible flesh-colour; feet brown.
The supposed female is very similar, but has only a trace of the fine lilaceous-purple on the rump and upper tail-coverts.
The figures are the size of life. The plant is the Tacsonta mollissima.
References
- Trochilus Castelnaudii, Boure. et Muls. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 270.
- Trochilus Castelnaui, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ui., Supp. App. p. 30a, App. to p. 103.
- Aglaeactis castelnaudi, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 73, Aglaeactis, sp. 4.—Reich. Aufz. der Col., p. 9.
- Aglæactis castelneaui, Bonap. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 253.