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Chlorostilbon Aliciæ

Chlorostilbon Aliciæ

Alice’s Emerald

Pl. 357, Vol. V · p.357 · 1861 · Gould's Hummingbirds · · 1849-1887

合集
古尔德蜂鸟图谱
绘者
John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
年代
1861
图版号
Pl. 357, Vol. V
原书页码
p.357
授权
CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)

关于本图版

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间印行,本图即其中一幅。原书题作“Chlorostilbon Aliciæ”,在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。

该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 357, Vol. V,对应原书第 357 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。

原书文字(英文 / 法文)

Venezuela and New Granada

The Chlorostilbon Aliciæ is a pretty little species, inhabiting the Caraccas and the high lands of Columbia; collections sent from Bogota always contain examples.

It is easily distinguished from every other member of the genus by its greenish-bronzy hue and the shortness of its tail-feathers; it is also conspicuous for the rich glittering golden green of the crown, throat, breast, and under surface of the body; both the upper and under surfaces of the tail, too, are bronze, with an intermingling of purple.

The sexes offer a more marked difference than usual, the female being entirely destitute of the glittering green feathers of the under surface; besides which, she has a larger tail, the three outer feathers of which are black in the centre, with grey tips. We have striking proofs that the bird so marked is the true female of this species; for the young males, at a certain age, are dressed in a particoloured plumage, portions of which are seen in both sexes. I have one young male in which the breast is grey, like that of the female, except that it is here and there spangled with golden green; in this example the three outer tail-feathers are tipped with grey, but the centre ones are green, and not black, as in the female; the female, too, is a somewhat larger bird, and has a longer bill than the male.

The male has the crown of the head and breast rich shining green; all the upper surface, wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, abdomen, and under tail-coverts rich bronzy green; wings purplish brown; tail, both on the upper and the under surface, shining dark purplish green; bill black; feet dark brown.

A young male in my collection is bronzy green above, and greyish white, speckled or spangled with rich shining green, beneath; wings purplish brown; centre tail-feathers green; lateral feathers green at the base, then bluish black, and tipped with white; under tail-coverts buffy grey.

The female has the upper surface bronzy green, passing into pure green on the upper tail-coverts; under surface greyish white; central tail-feathers green; the lateral feathers green at the base, then black, and lastly tipped with grey, which increases in extent as the feathers recede from the centre.

The Plate represents two males and a female of the size of life. The plant is the Barkeria elegans.

References

  • Trochilus Alice, Bourc. et Muls. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 274.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii., App. p. 30a, App. to p. 103.
  • Smaragdites Alice, Reichenb. Auf. der Col., p. 7.
  • Chlorostilbon alicia, Bonap. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 255.

十二观

  • 纵幅 1.35∶1
  • 1861 年刊
  • 图版 357, Vol. V

这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。

  1. 第一眼

    论画以形似,见与儿童邻。

    —— 宋·苏轼《书鄢陵王主簿所画折枝》

    只求画得像,是小孩的眼光。苏轼不是不要形似,是说形似之后还有一层:神。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。

  2. 名与实

    图上只标属名 Chlorostilbon,未定种;这一时期的图谱常以一属数种合绘,种名要等后来的专著补齐。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。

  3. 形与色

    翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。没有解剖图,就靠主株一处一处看过去:叶怎么排,花怎么着生,果在哪里。

  4. 构图与呼吸

    画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.35∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。试着用拇指遮住空白处——画面立刻变闷;放开,它才重新“喘上气”。留白,是给主体让出的气口。

  5. 一刀一色

    十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。先判断它是“印”的还是“画”的,再谈好不好看——这是看老版画最实用的一条规矩。

  6. 时序

    热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。花期短,画期长:一幅这样的图,往往要等一整个春天;画上那朵,是等来的,不是想来的。

  7. 故土

    仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。今天再看,图上的产地已是一百多年前的产地;植物会迁徙,地方也会改名字。

  8. 书与人

    《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 357, Vol. V,见原书第 357 页。图谱是集体工程:绘图、刻版、上色、编纂各有其人,署名的往往只有第一个。

  9. 诗境

    夫列子御风而行,泠然善也,旬有五日而后反。

    —— 《庄子·逍遥游》

    蜂鸟悬停于空,不落不飞,最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态,蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。把这一句放回画面:画面就是诗句的落点——诗先写气,画后写形,两者在此处接上了。

  10. 文心

    竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。

    —— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》

    三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。记住这一句,下次在别处见到同类,它会自己浮上来——鉴赏力就是这样一句一句攒出来的。

  11. 花语

    阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。花语是给人与人的关系用的;植物自己只关心有没有传粉的虫。这两套语言,可以并行不悖。

  12. 带走一双眼睛

    下次看鸟,别急着认名:先看它停的姿态,再看羽色在哪一段最深,最后才翻图鉴——顺序一换,看鸟就从“对答案”变成了“看画”。二百年后,这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着;而纸上这一只,永远停在 1861 年的那个季节。

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》中的其它图版