Chrysuronia Josephinæ
Chrysuronia Josephinæ
Josephine’s Humming-bird
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 326, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.326
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.39∶1
- 1861 年刊
- 图版 326, Vol. V
第一眼
搜尽奇峰打草稿。
—— 清·石涛《苦瓜和尚画语录》
走遍山川,才有资格落笔。博物画的画家也一样:先在温室与山野里看够了活的花,纸上那一朵才不虚。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
名与实
没有学名可依,就看题名:题名里往往藏着产地、赠者或一句形容。此幅既无通行中文名,学名也不可靠,只能以原书题名相称——图谱里总有几幅这样的图,只能靠画面本身说话。
形与色
翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。此幅只画一个种,形制的每一处都摊在纸面上,没有遮掩。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.39∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完,是给眼睛留的落脚处:一张图若四边都塞满,花反而会闷。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实:刻工不会撒谎,上色的人赶时间的时候会。想动笔临它的人记住一句:先铺大块的形与色,干后再收细部;石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点,水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
夫列子御风而行,泠然善也,旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空,不落不飞,最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态,蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。古人写到这一层,已不只是赏花,是借花说人;画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里,它首先是一个物种,其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
时与地
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节。仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》成于1849-1887;那一代人对这类鸟的知识,多半来自标本与笼养。看这一类图,不妨把产地和季节都当“据说”来读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 326, Vol. V,见原书第 326 页。一本书的“作者”常常是主编;真正决定这幅图好不好看的,是没留下名字的刻工与上色人。
带走一双眼睛
鉴赏力不是知识,是习惯:每次多看一眼,十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。1861 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。
关于本图版
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间印行,本图即其中一幅。画面主体为 Chrysuronia Josephinæ,在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 326, Vol. V,对应原书第 326 页,版式为纵幅。图像由公有领域原件扫描修复而来,细节在放大视图中仍清晰可辨。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
The upper parts of the River Amazon, where specimens were procured by Mr. Bates
Josephine’s Humming-bird is one of those species with which we are but little acquainted: my own collection contains two examples; one of these I purchased in Paris; the other I received direct from the Upper Amazon, where it was procured by Mr. Bates, a thorough naturalist, endowed with courage, energy, and perseverance fully equal to the performance of the task he has undertaken—that of exploring the rich districts of the Upper Amazon.
England may indeed be proud of two such sons as Wallace and Bates, to whom zoologists especially must feel grateful for a vast extension of their scientific knowledge.
In point of affinity this species is very closely allied to the well-known Chrysuronia Œnone; like that bird it has a splendid golden-bronzy tail; but the rich blue which adorns the throat as well as the head of that species is confined to the head alone in C. Josephine, the whole of whose under surface is green. We really have seen so little of this bird that it is unsafe to say whether the female be or be not contained in our collections; but I may predict that, when discovered, she will be found to differ very little from the female of C. Œnone.
This species has been dedicated by MM. Bourcier and Mulsant to Madame Julien Lacroix.
Crown of the head rich deep blue, tinged in some specimens with green; upper surface and wing-coverts golden green; under surface shining grass-green; wings purplish brown; upper tail-coverts coppery bronze; tail fine golden bronze in some examples, and rich coppery bronze in others; under tail-coverts golden bronze fringed with grey; upper mandible black; under mandible for four-fifths of its length apparently fleshy white, the tip darker.
The figures are of the natural size.
References
- Ormsmyia Josephinæ, Boure. and Muls. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 272.
- Trochilus Josephinæ, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. Supp. App. 30a., App. to p. 103.
- Chrysuronia Josephinæ, Reich. Auf. der Col., p. 9.
- Chrysuronia josephina, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 254.