Chrysuronia Œnone
Chrysuronia Œnone
Œnone Humming-bird
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 325, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.325
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
关于本图版
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间印行,本图即其中一幅。原书题作“Chrysuronia Œnone”,在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 325, Vol. V,对应原书第 325 页,版式为纵幅。图像由公有领域原件扫描修复而来,细节在放大视图中仍清晰可辨。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Venezuela and New Granada
This very charming Humming-bird does not, I believe, inhabit Trinidad, as stated by Lesson; it is true that specimens frequently come direct from thence; but, according to Mr. Tucker, a gentleman long resident on the island, and who has paid great attention to its Humming-birds, these specimens are sent thither from the neighbouring parts of the South American Continent.
All the countries traversed by the streams of the Orinoco are probably favoured with its presence; and I think it likely that it also ranges all over the great country of Venezuela, since specimens are sent in tolerable abundance from several of the intervening districts between the Orinoco and the high lands of Columbia. It very frequently occurs in collections from Bogota and other Andean districts lying within an area of 500 miles from the city of Santa Fé; I have also received it direct from the Napo; it is evident therefore that it enjoys a very wide range of habitat. It may fairly be considered as one of the finest species of the genus Chrysuronia, the members of which are distinguished by their rich bronze-coloured tails, and by a brilliant blue colouring about the head, which in some species decorates the crown alone, while in others, as in the present bird, it extends over the whole of the throat and neck.
The sexes appear to differ considerably in their colouring, the female being devoid of the blue on the head, while in the distinguishing feature of the group, the bronzy tail, she is scarcely less beautifully adorned.
The male has the entire head and throat rich deep shining blue; all the upper surface and wing-coverts lively golden green; wings purplish brown; upper and under tail-coverts and tail rich golden bronze; under surface shining grass-green; upper mandible and tip of the lower mandible black, the basal two-thirds of the latter flesh-colour.
The female has the head green; upper surface golden green; wings purplish brown; upper tail-coverts and tail coppery bronze; under surface white, spangled with shining green; vent white.
The figures are of the size of life. The plant is the Solandra lævis.
References
- Ormismya Oenone, Less. Hist. Nat. des Ois. Mou. Supp., p. 157. pl. 30.
- Ormismya Œnone, Ib. Ind. Gen. et Syn. des Ois. du Gen. Trochilus, p. xl.
- Ormismya oenone, De Latt. et Boure. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 17.
- Polytmus Œnone, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 109, Polytmus, sp. 80.
- Chrysuroma aenone, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 75, Chrysuronia, sp. 1.
- Chrysuroma Oenone, Reich. Auf. der Col., p. 9.
- Chrysuroma ænone, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 254.—Sclater in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxii. p. 111.
十二观
- 纵幅 1.33∶1
- 1861 年刊
- 图版 325, Vol. V
这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。
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第一眼
竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。尺幅从来不是障碍,取舍才是本事。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
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名与实
此幅未见可靠的学名,只能以原书题名相称——早期图谱里这种情形并不少见。此幅既无通行中文名,学名也不可靠,只能以原书题名相称——图谱里总有几幅这样的图,只能靠画面本身说话。
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形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟,喙细长如针,舌分叉成管,可伸入花心吸蜜;翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。此幅只画一个种,形制的每一处都摊在纸面上,没有遮掩。
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构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.33∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置,左右留得不一样多:这一点偏心,正是画面活起来的原因。
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一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实:刻工不会撒谎,上色的人赶时间的时候会。
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时序
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。要判断一幅图的季节,不必看题跋:看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上,也就八九不离十了。
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故土
仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。这类植物的旅程比图版本身更长:从一座山到另一座山,从一种语言换到另一种语言。
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书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 325, Vol. V,见原书第 325 页。图版今属公有领域,可以自由取用;但纸上那层手工上色,仍是两百年前某一个人的手。
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诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层,已不只是赏花,是借花说人;画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
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文心
竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。中外的分别不在谁高明,而在问的问题不同:欧洲问它是什么,中国问它像谁。两个问题都答了,一幅图才算读完。
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花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。花语是给人与人的关系用的;植物自己只关心有没有传粉的虫。这两套语言,可以并行不悖。
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带走一双眼睛
如果只能记一句,就记郭熙那八个字:远望取其势,近看取其质。看图、看花、看人,都一样。二百年后,这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着;而纸上这一只,永远停在 1861 年的那个季节。