宝石蜂鸟属·Lampornis virginalis
Lampornis virginalis
Lampornis virginalis
St. Thomas’s Mango
- 中文名
- 宝石蜂鸟属·Lampornis virginalis
- 学名
- Lampornis virginalis
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1850
- 图版号
- Pl. 80, Vol. II
- 原书页码
- p.80
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
关于本图版
本图选自约翰·古尔德的《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),原书 1849—1887 年间出版。画面主体是宝石蜂鸟(Lampornis virginalis),在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 80, Vol. II,对应原书第 80 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
The Island of St. Thomas
In my account of Lampornis aurulentus I have stated that its native country “is St. Domingo: as to Porto Rico, which it is also said to inhabit, I leave it to future Trochilidists to say if it be found there or not.”
I am still in doubt on this point; but since this remark was made, I have received numerous examples of a bird from the neighbouring island of St. Thomas, which, although bearing a general resemblance to L. aurulentus, differs in so many respects that I am induced to regard it as distinct, and have therefore assigned to it the specific appellation of ">L. virginalis. It is of much smaller size, has a considerably shorter, but at the same time more brilliantly coloured tail, and the semi-luminous gorget of a much brighter hue; the lower part of the back and the upper tail-coverts are also more brilliant; there is a smaller amount of black on the abdomen; and the two centre tail-feathers are rich bronzy purple instead of steely black.
I fear I have led my friend Alfred Newton, Esq. into error by causing him to consider the St. Thomas’s birds to be identical with the L. aurudentus; if so, it was quite unintentional on my part; and my excuse must be that I had not then seen so many specimens of this bird as are now before me, for some of which I am indebted to his liberality, while the others were obtained by purchase.
The male has the crown and all the upper surface bronzy green; wings light purplish brown; throat shining greenish wax-yellow; chest and centre of the abdomen black, passing into green on the flanks; upper tail-coverts brilliant bronzy green; two centre tail-feathers rich bronze; the remainder fine purple, margined and tipped with bluish black; bill black; feet dark brown.
Total length 4
The female differs in the colour of the under surface, which is grey, and in the colouring and markings of the tail, which, like those of the females of all, or nearly all the members of the genus, are very beautiful,—the two centre tail-feathers being resplendent bronze, and the remainder barred at the base with pale reddish, crossed near the extremity with a broad band of steel-black, and largely tipped with white; the two next the central ones are also glossed with bronze on their outer webs.
The accompanying Plate is intended to represent two adult males and a young male of the size of life.
The plant is the Tamarindus officinalis.
十二观
- 纵幅 1.44∶1
- 1850 年刊
- 图版 80, Vol. II
这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。
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第一眼
凡画山水,意在笔先。
—— 唐·王维《山水论》
下笔之前,心里已经有了整幅画。看画时可以反过来推:画家先定了什么,后添了什么。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
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名与实
学名 Lampornis virginalis:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。一百多年前的命名者,把一种植物的来历压进了两个词。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。
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形与色
翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。看羽:先看覆羽的层次,再看飞羽的排列,最后才看颜色——颜色是最后才被注意到的部分。
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构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.44∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完,是给眼睛留的落脚处:一张图若四边都塞满,花反而会闷。
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一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实:刻工不会撒谎,上色的人赶时间的时候会。
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时序
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1850 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。要判断一幅图的季节,不必看题跋:看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上,也就八九不离十了。
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故土
仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。这类植物的旅程比图版本身更长:从一座山到另一座山,从一种语言换到另一种语言。
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书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 80, Vol. II,见原书第 80 页。图谱是集体工程:绘图、刻版、上色、编纂各有其人,署名的往往只有第一个。
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诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层,已不只是赏花,是借花说人;画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
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文心
宁古无时,宁朴无巧,宁俭无俗。
—— 明·文震亨《长物志》
宁可古旧不要时新,宁可朴素不要机巧,宁可俭省不要俗气。这三句可以直接拿来判断一幅画、一件器物、一间屋子。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。中外的分别不在谁高明,而在问的问题不同:欧洲问它是什么,中国问它像谁。两个问题都答了,一幅图才算读完。
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花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里,它首先是一个物种,其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
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带走一双眼睛
如果只能记一句,就记郭熙那八个字:远望取其势,近看取其质。看图、看花、看人,都一样。1850 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。