宝石蜂鸟属
Lampornis viridis
Lampornis viridis
Blue-tailed Mango
- 中文名
- 宝石蜂鸟属
- 学名
- Lampornis viridis
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1850
- 图版号
- Pl. 78, Vol. II
- 原书页码
- p.78
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间出版。图中描绘的是宝石蜂鸟,学名 Lampornis viridis,归入蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
全编共收录 421 幅图版,本图是其中一幅,原书将其列为 Pl. 78, Vol. II,见第 78 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Porto Rico
It would seem that some confusion exists respecting the synonymy of this species, for a male specimen has been sent to me by M. Bourcier with the name of “Lampornis cyanurus, Audebert et Vieillot” attached to it, but I do not find that those authors have figured or described any species of this group under that appellation; on the other hand, it is unquestionably the bird described and figured by them and by Lesson under the name of Trochilus viridis.
The latter author uses the term cyanure as its trivial Freuch name, which may, perhaps, have induced M. Bourcier to label his specimen “cyanurus.”
In his account of the species, M. Lesson states that the only individual he had seen was in the Museum of Natural History at Paris, where it had been deposited by Maugé, who had procured it in Porto Rico, one of the Antilles.
The Lampornis viridis is in every respect a typical example of the genus; the characters of the form being, if possible, more conspicuous in the female than in the male.
The specimen of the female from which my figure of that sex was taken was kindly presented to me by Alfred Newton, Esq., of Elveden Hall, Norfolk, a gentleman devoted to the study of natural history generally, but more particularly of ornithology.
The habitat of this species is certainly confined to one or two of the West Indian Islands; Maugé procured it in Porto Rico, and I have reason to believe that it is also found in St. Thomas. Its habits are doubtless very similar to those of the other members of the genus; but I regret to say that on this point nothing has been recorded.
The male has the head, all the upper surface of the body, and the wing-coverts of a bronzy green, becoming of a purer green on the upper tail-coverts; under surface shining grass-green, becoming paler on the under tail-coverts; wings purplish brown; tail deep blue with green reflexions and narrowly edged at the tip with white; bill black; feet blackish brown.
The female has the head, all the upper surface, and wing-coverts bronzy green; wings purplish brown; all the under surface brownish grey, tinged with green on the sides of the breast and flanks, and passing into white on the under tail-coverts; two centre tail-feathers bronze, deepening into black at the tip; the remainder steel-blue largely tipped with white; those next the central ones glossed with bronze on their outer webs, the remainder with white shafts and bases of greyish purple.
The figures in the Plate are a trifle less than the size of life. The plant is the Pitcatrnia undulatifolia.
References
- Le Cohibri vert, Trochilus viridis, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor., tom. i. p. 34. pl. 15.
- Trochilus viridis, Vieill. 2nde édit. du Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. vii. p. 357.—Bonn. et Vieill. Eney. Méth., Orn., part u. p.551.—Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., tom. x. p. 49. —Drapier, Dict. Class. d’Hist. Nat., tom. iv. p. 321.—Sonn. Œuvres de Buff., Ois., tom. xvii. p. 315.
- Le Colibri cyanure, Trochilus viridis, Less. Hist. Nat. des Col., p. 50. pl. 11.—Ib. Ind. Gen. et Syn. des Ois. du Gen. Troch., p. 10.
- Le Plastron blanc, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor., tom. i. p. 35. pl. 16, female?
十二观
- 纵幅 1.38∶1
- 1850 年刊
- 图版 78, Vol. II
这不是词条,是一条看画的次序:先站定看整体,再看名字与形色、构图与刀工,然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手;最后是中国诗文——同一朵花,中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完,这幅图就打开了。
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第一眼
六法者何?一、气韵生动是也;二、骨法用笔是也;三、应物象形是也;四、随类赋彩是也;五、经营位置是也;六、传移模写是也。
—— 南齐·谢赫《古画品录》
一千五百年前的六条标准:气韵、用笔、形似、设色、构图、临摹。你在这幅图上一样样对过去,就是一次完整的读画。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
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名与实
学名 Lampornis viridis:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。这一幅的种加词 viridis 意为“绿”——先记住这个词的意思,下次见到同名的植物,你会先去看那一处。中文名“宝石蜂鸟属”是后人据学名回译的通行叫法,与古书里的旧名未必对得上——名与物之间,总隔着一层翻译。
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形与色
翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞;羽色非颜料所致,是羽枝结构折射的光,随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。看形制不必求全:记住喙形、翼式与栖姿,这一类的骨架就立住了。
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构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。(高宽比约 1.38∶1)全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置,左右留得不一样多:这一点偏心,正是画面活起来的原因。
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一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实:刻工不会撒谎,上色的人赶时间的时候会。
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时序
热带美洲几乎全年可见,花期即其季节;温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1850 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。看这一类图最好的时候,是它的花期:文字说不清的“开得正盛”,在树下站三分钟就懂了。
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故土
仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。十九世纪的苗圃主是这场植物迁徙的中转站:谁家先开花,谁家就有生意。
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书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘,成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 78, Vol. II,见原书第 78 页。图谱是集体工程:绘图、刻版、上色、编纂各有其人,署名的往往只有第一个。
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诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。把这一句放回画面:画面就是诗句的落点——诗先写气,画后写形,两者在此处接上了。
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文心
竖划三寸,当千仞之高;横墨数尺,体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山,几尺横墨能容百里之远。一只蜂鸟只有拇指大,画家却要在几厘米里放下整片花丛——尺度从来不是障碍。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》(1849—1887)以石版手工上色,金箔衬底,使羽色在纸上仍有金属光;这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。读古文不必求全解,先认下这一句:它把“看花”换成了“看人”,你再看这幅图,眼里就多了一层。
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花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。象征会随世道改口:同一只鸟,在一个世纪里可以说完全相反的话。
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带走一双眼睛
鉴赏力不是知识,是习惯:每次多看一眼,十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。1850 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。