Petasophora thalassina
Petasophora thalassina
Mexican Violet-Ear
- 学名
- Petasophora thalassina
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1854
- 图版号
- Pl. 227, Vol. IV
- 原书页码
- p.227
- 主色
- 黄
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 黄色主调
- 略纵 1.23∶1
第一眼
夫象物必在于形似,形似须全其骨气。
—— 唐·张彦远《历代名画记》
形似只是门槛,骨气才是要害。看一株植物,先看它立不立得住——这就是骨气。这一幅略高于宽,落点在中央偏上那只鸟的头部。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,找黄色最重的一小块:整幅的明暗秩序,是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Petasophora thalassina:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。双名制的好处是唯一:全世界叫这个名字的,只能是这一种。此幅尚无通行中文名,姑以学名相称;在没有本地名字的地方,学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟,喙细长如针,舌分叉成管,可伸入花心吸蜜;翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞。此幅以黄为主,黄如蜜蜡,浅处几乎透光。羽毛的色最难画:它不是颜料调出来的,是光在羽枝上的折返,头一转就换一种颜色。没有解剖图,就靠主株一处一处看过去:叶怎么排,花怎么着生,果在哪里。
构图与呼吸
画幅略高于宽,鸟身居中偏上,视线落在头部与喙。全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置,左右留得不一样多:这一点偏心,正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。先判断它是“印”的还是“画”的,再谈好不好看——这是看老版画最实用的一条规矩。想动笔临它的人记住一句:先铺大块的形与色,干后再收细部;石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点,水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层,已不只是赏花,是借花说人;画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。此幅偏黄,在花语里总要再加重一分情绪。象征多半来自形状与气味:像杯的、像泪的、香的、臭的——先有形状,后有意义。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1854 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。图上的产地常是“据说来自”,图上的花期常是“盛开那十日”——两处都要打个折扣读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。版画是集体工程:绘图、刻版、上色各有其人,真正决定这幅图好不好看的,常是没留下名字的刻工与上色师。
带走一双眼睛
鉴赏力不是知识,是习惯:每次多看一眼,十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。图谱的用意是“以备查考”,看久了却会忘记查考:1854 年的一个人,为一只鸟花了整整一天。
关于本图版
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds)由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间印行,本图即其中一幅。画面主体为 Petasophora thalassina,在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
该合集全编共 421 幅图版,此图为其中之一,图版编号 Pl. 227, Vol. IV,对应原书第 227 页,版式为纵幅,画面以黄为主色。扫描件取自公有领域原件,经高分辨率修复与色彩校正,可按原大放大查看线条与设色。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Mexico and Guatemala
Mexico may claim this species as strictly its own; for although it is found in the States of Guatemala, Costa Rica and Veragua, Mexico proper would seem to be its chief habitat, and it is certainly not found to the southward of the Isthmus of Panama.
It presents a singular combination of characters in its colouring, uniting P. cyanotus with P. Anais, but it is quite distinct from both; the blue mark on the breast at all times distinguishing it from the former, and the almost total absence of the blue mark on the chin, and its smaller size, from the latter. It will be seen that I have thought it likely that two of the birds figured by Lesson, under the name of Anais, are identical with the present species, and indeed I can refer them to no other; at the same time his figures are by no means correct representations.
To Mr. Swainson pertains the credit of characterizing this bird as distinct from all the other species of the family then known, he having assigned to a specimen procured at Temiscaltipec the appellation of thalassinus in his ‘‘ Synopsis of the Birds of Mexico,” published in the “Philosophical Magazine” as long since as June 1827.
Head, all the upper surface, wing-coverts and flanks yellowish green; a narrow line commencing on the centre of the chin and extending under the eye and the ear-coverts purplish blue; throat and chest tessellated luminous green, as in the other species; centre of the abdomen deep blue; tail deep green, crossed near the tip by a broad chalybeate band; two central feathers slightly washed with bronze; wings purplish brown; bill dull black; feet blackish brown.
The figures are of the natural size, on one of the beautiful Bignonias of the country it inhabits.
References
- Trochilus thalassinus, Swains. Syn. Birds of Mexico in Phil. Mag., June 1827, p. 441.
- Ormsmya Anais, Less. Hist. Nat. des Col., p. 104.—Ib. Supp. des Ois. Mou., pl. 3?
- Ramphodon Anais, Less. Hist. Nat. des Troch., p. 148. pl. 56?
- Polytmus thalassinus, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 108, Polytmus, sp. 26.
- Petasophora thalassinus, Gould in Proce. of Zool. Soc., Part xv. p. 8.
- Colibri thalassinus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 69, Colibri, sp. 2.
- Trochilus Anais, Jard. Nat. Lib. Humming Birds, vol. ii. p. 2?