美洲蜂鸟属
Amazilia alticola
Amazilia alticola
Mountain Amazili
- 中文名
- 美洲蜂鸟属
- 学名
- Amazilia alticola
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 304, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.304
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.57∶1
第一眼
论画以形似,见与儿童邻。
—— 宋·苏轼《书鄢陵王主簿所画折枝》
只求画得像,是小孩的眼光。苏轼不是不要形似,是说形似之后还有一层:神。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Amazilia alticola:前一词是属,管它归在哪一类;后一词是种加词,管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。名字是通行证,也是懒办法——记住两个词,就抓住了一整个物种。中文名“美洲蜂鸟属”是后人据学名回译的通行叫法,与古书里的旧名未必对得上——名与物之间,总隔着一层翻译。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟,喙细长如针,舌分叉成管,可伸入花心吸蜜;翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。别只看花:叶脉的走向、萼片的长短、甚至茎上的毛,都是画家用来区分物种的证据。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置,左右留得不一样多:这一点偏心,正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实:刻工不会撒谎,上色的人赶时间的时候会。想动笔临它的人记住一句:先铺大块的形与色,干后再收细部;石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点,水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。把这一句放回画面:画面就是诗句的落点——诗先写气,画后写形,两者在此处接上了。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里,它首先是一个物种,其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上,季节便八九不离十;看题名里藏着的地名,来路也猜得出七分。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。从画稿到成图要过好几双手:转刻的人求准,上色的人求快——快与准之间,就是各幅之间深浅不一的来历。
带走一双眼睛
鉴赏力不是知识,是习惯:每次多看一眼,十年之后你看什么都和别人不一样。二百年后,这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着;而纸上这一只,永远停在 1861 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间出版。图中描绘的是美洲蜂鸟,学名 Amazilia alticola,归入蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
全编共收录 421 幅图版,本图是其中一幅,原书将其列为 Pl. 304, Vol. V,见第 304 页,版式为纵幅。图像由公有领域原件扫描修复而来,细节在放大视图中仍清晰可辨。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
The high lands of Central Peru; the precise locality uncertain.
I am indebted to M. Bourcier, of Paris, for an example of this new species, which, he informs me, is from the Puna district in Peru.
In size it exceeds the Amazilia pristina, the A. Dumerili and the A. leucophea. In the general style of its colouring it is very similar to the latter; but, compared with that species, it is a giant in point of size, it has also a less amount of the glittering green on the cheeks and sides of the neck. It is to the present bird and the three species above mentioned that I would wish to restrict the generic term of Amazilia; for they form a very natural section, distinguished by their peculiar form and style of colouring. All are natives of Ecuador and Peru, to which countries they appear to be confined; while the other species, to which the generic term of Pyrrhophæna has been applied, are widely spread, and the greater number of them are natives of Mexico and Central America.
But little is known respecting the typical Amaziliæ, and less about the present bird than of any of the others. I believe, however, that there is no difference in the colouring of the sexes of any of them.
Crown of the head and back of the neck dark brown, with very slight reflexions of golden green; back of the neck, back, and rump golden or orange green; upper part of the throat, cheeks, and sides of the neck light golden green; lower part of the throat, chest, centre of the abdomen, thighs, and. the thickly clothed tarsi pure white; flanks rich bright buff; under tail-coverts white washed with buff; tail rich deep reddish buff, the two centre feathers washed with bronzy green, and the four outer ones, on each side, washed on their outer edges with bronzy green; wings purplish brown; bill black at the tip, the remainder white or flesh-colour.
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is the Chuquiraga insignis.
References
- Amazilia alticola, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxviii. p. 309.