Amazilia leucophæa
Amazilia leucophæa
White-breasted Amazili
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 306, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.306
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 略纵 1.29∶1
第一眼
搜尽奇峰打草稿。
—— 清·石涛《苦瓜和尚画语录》
走遍山川，才有资格落笔。博物画的画家也一样：先在温室与山野里看够了活的花，纸上那一朵才不虚。这一幅略高于宽，落点在中央偏上那只鸟的头部。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实
图上只标属名 Amazilia，未定种；这一时期的图谱常以一属数种合绘，种名要等后来的专著补齐。此幅尚无通行中文名，姑以学名相称；在没有本地名字的地方，学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色
翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞；羽色非颜料所致，是羽枝结构折射的光，随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。看羽：先看覆羽的层次，再看飞羽的排列，最后才看颜色——颜色是最后才被注意到的部分。
构图与呼吸
画幅略高于宽，鸟身居中偏上，视线落在头部与喙。全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完，是给眼睛留的落脚处：一张图若四边都塞满，花反而会闷。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。拿放大镜（或手机微距）看三处：喙缘、覆羽、题名。线若连续不断，是刻的；色若越过轮廓半毫米，是手涂的。想动笔临它的人记住一句：先铺大块的形与色，干后再收细部；石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点，水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见，点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟，然“穿花”之态，杜甫早已写过：贴着花心走，是采蜜者的共同姿态。古人写到这一层，已不只是赏花，是借花说人；画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。在图谱里，它首先是一个物种，其次才是一种象征——这个次序值得记住。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁，一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。那一代人对这类鸟的知识，多半来自标本与笼养。看这一类图，不妨把产地和季节都当“据说”来读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。版画是集体工程：绘图、刻版、上色各有其人，真正决定这幅图好不好看的，常是没留下名字的刻工与上色师。
带走一双眼睛
如果只能记一句，就记郭熙那八个字：远望取其势，近看取其质。看图、看花、看人，都一样。二百年后，这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着；而纸上这一只，永远停在 1861 年的那个季节。
关于本图版
此图原刊于《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds），绘者为约翰·古尔德，成书于 1849—1887 年间。图中描绘的是 Amazilia leucophæa，归入蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。
全编共收录 421 幅图版，本图是其中一幅，原书将其列为 Pl. 306, Vol. V，见第 306 页，版式为纵幅。图像由公有领域原件扫描修复而来，细节在放大视图中仍清晰可辨。
原书文字（英文 / 法文）
Southern Peru. Collected in the vicinity of the Volcano of Arequipa by M. Warszewicz.
I am equally certain with regard to the identity of this species as I am with respect to the A. Dumerili, the specimens from which Dr. Reichenbach took his description of his A. leucophea and my own having come from the same source—M. Warszewicz, who collected them in the vicinity of the volcano of Arequipa in South Peru.
In size it closely resembles A. Dumeri; but it is smaller than A. pristina, from which it also differs in the colour of its mandibles, which are said to be either white or fleshy white. In the accompanying Plate I have figured this new species of the size of life; and it would have been a source of pleasure to me to have been able to give some account of its history; but such unfortunately is not the case, M. Warszewicz’s visit being so hurried a one that he had only time to snatch, as it were, the present and several other new birds from their native forests in passing. If several novelties could be thus obtained under very disadvantageous circumstances, surely we may regard their acquisition as an evidence that a careful investigation of the fine countries of Peru and Bolivia would well repay the researches of the traveller and the naturalist.
I am a little uncertain with respect to the female of this species. Dr. Reichenbach has, it is true, described it; but as I have never seen his specimen, and the three in my own collection are alike, I must defer giving a description of the female, to some future opportunity.
Crown of the head, all the upper surface and wing-coverts golden green, somewhat obscure on the head; upper tail-coverts and tail rufous, the two centre ones with a zone of greenish bronze near the tip; wings pale purplish brown; throat and sides of the neck glittering golden green; on the centre of the chest a patch of white; under surface rufous or sandy red; under tail-coverts very pale rufous fringed with white; bill fleshy white with a dark-coloured tip.
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is the Callandria Tweediei.
References
- Amazilia leucophea, Reich. Auf. der Col., p. 10.
- Amazilia leucophea, Ib., p. 24.
