Erythronota Feliciæ
Erythronota Feliciæ
Felicia’s Erythronote
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould(约翰·古尔德)
- 年代
- 1861
- 图版号
- Pl. 317, Vol. V
- 原书页码
- p.317
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 纵幅 1.40∶1
第一眼
江馆清秋,晨起看竹,烟光日影露气,皆浮动于疏枝密叶之间。
—— 清·郑板桥《题画竹》
郑板桥说他画竹,是先看见“烟光日影露气”在枝叶间浮动,才动手。看画时找这一层空气,比记住花的名字更要紧。这一幅是竖的:眼睛从下往上走,落点在中段那只鸟身上。先别急着看羽毛,让姿态先立起来。第二步凑近一寸:看线与色的交界,色有没有压住线,线有没有断。第三步,把视线放到最深的那一小块:整幅的用色秩序,都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名缺席时,画面本身就是唯一的证据。此幅既无通行中文名,学名也不可靠,只能以原书题名相称——图谱里总有几幅这样的图,只能靠画面本身说话。
形与色
蜂鸟为美洲最小之鸟,喙细长如针,舌分叉成管,可伸入花心吸蜜;翼小而振频极高,能悬停、能倒飞。此幅未作色相归档,只能就形制论。别只看花:叶脉的走向、萼片的长短、甚至茎上的毛,都是画家用来区分物种的证据。
构图与呼吸
画幅高而窄,鸟栖在枝的中段,上下留白多——十九世纪鸟谱的标准版式,留给它飞走的余地。全幅只画一只,不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”,而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置,左右留得不一样多:这一点偏心,正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶,石版与彩色石印渐成主流:颜色可以直接印出,不再依赖手工,线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了,手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实:刻工不会撒谎,上色的人赶时间的时候会。想动笔临它的人记住一句:先铺大块的形与色,干后再收细部;石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点,水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
穿花蛱蝶深深见,点水蜻蜓款款飞。
—— 唐·杜甫《曲江二首》
中土无蜂鸟,然“穿花”之态,杜甫早已写过:贴着花心走,是采蜜者的共同姿态。把这一句放回画面:画面就是诗句的落点——诗先写气,画后写形,两者在此处接上了。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身;欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致,百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟,故无象征——这空白本身,就是一部博物学交流史。花语是后人添上去的,花本身并不知道;但这层“不知道”,正是它最动人的地方。
时与地
温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁,一年往返数千公里。仅产美洲,自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛,以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟,汉籍不载,晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1861 年是刊行之年,不是采到那只鸟的年份;真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。那一代人对这类鸟的知识,多半来自标本与笼养。看这一类图,不妨把产地和季节都当“据说”来读。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。从画稿到成图要过好几双手:转刻的人求准,上色的人求快——快与准之间,就是各幅之间深浅不一的来历。
带走一双眼睛
把这三件事带走:先整体后细节;先线后色;先看画再翻书。任何一张老图版,都可以用这三条读。1861 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土,它留在纸上的样子,却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》(Gould's Hummingbirds),由约翰·古尔德绘制,1849—1887 年间出版。图中描绘的是 Erythronota Feliciæ,归入蜂鸟科(Trochilidae)。
全编共收录 421 幅图版,本图是其中一幅,原书将其列为 Pl. 317, Vol. V,见第 317 页,版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描,构图与设色未经改动。
原书文字(英文 / 法文)
Venezuela
The Erythronota Feliciæ is a species closely allied to the E. antiqua—so close, in fact, that it is extremely difficult to distinguish it from that bird in some states of its plumage.
The tail-feathers of the E. Feliciæ, however, are more blue, and its upper surface is wholly green, except on the lower part of the back and on the upper tail-coverts, which in some specimens are brown, and in others violaceous. Its under tail-coverts appear to be subject to as much variation as those of its near ally; for in some they are russet brown, in others violet, in others, again, violet green, and I have seen a few in which the two colours are intermingled. Venezuela appears to be the native country of this bird. One of my specimens, collected on the Orinoco, seems to be somewhat immature; for all the tail-feathers are beautifully tipped with bright fiery purple, and the lower part of the back and upper tail-coverts are buff; still I have no doubt of its being the same bird. When the E. Feliciæ has perfected its moult, its body is clothed in a deep and pure green, which on exposure to light and air changes to a brown or golden hue. I have not been able to detect any difference in the colouring of the sexes, and I believe their discrimination will be impossible unless dissection of freshly killed examples be resorted to.
Crown-of the head, all the upper surface, and wing-coverts green, a bronzy hue prevailing on the lower part of the back; upper tail-coverts fiery purple in some specimens; all the under surface shining grassgreen; wings steel-blue; tail deep bluish black; under tail-coverts violet and green intermingled; upper mandible black; under mandible fleshy-red, with a black tip; feet black.
The three figures in the accompanying plate are of the size of life. The plant is the Odontoglossum hastilabium, var. fuscatum.
References
- Ornismya Feliciæ, Less. in Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 72.
- Ornismya Feliciae, Reichenb. Aufz. der Col., p. 7.
- Saucerottia felicia, Bonap. in Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 255.
- Chlorestes Feliciae, Reichenb. Troch. Enum., p. 6, pl. 697. figs. 455–657.
- Hemithylaca Feliciae, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein., p. 38, note.
- Trochilus Emile.