首页 > 合集 > Gould's Hummingbirds（古尔德蜂鸟图谱） > Spathura solstitialis

Spathura solstitialis

Ecuador Racket-tail

Pl. 397, Suppl. Vol. · p.397 · 1887 · Gould's Hummingbirds · John Gould · 1849-1887

学名: Spathura solstitialis
合集: 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
绘者: John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
年代: 1887
图版号: Pl. 397, Suppl. Vol.
原书页码: p.397
授权: CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)

关于本图版

本图选自约翰·古尔德的《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds），原书 1849—1887 年间出版。画面主体为 Spathura solstitialis，在分类体系中列于蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。

该合集全编共 421 幅图版，此图为其中之一，图版编号 Pl. 397, Suppl. Vol.，对应原书第 397 页，版式为纵幅。图为公有领域原件的修复扫描，构图与设色未经改动。

原书文字（英文 / 法文）

The genus Spathura (or, as Mr. Elliot calls it, Steganura) consists at present of six species, whose range extends through Venezuela and Colombia, and thence through Ecuador and Peru into Bolivia; but they are, as far as we know, entirely absent from the Brazilian and Amazonian districts of South America.

These six species form a natural genus, being, as Mr. Elliot well remarks, strongly characterized birds, with luminous throats and breasts, tarsi completely hidden in downy puffs, and elongated external rectrices bare of webs near the tip and ending in a spatula. There are two well-marked divisions of the genus, viz. those species which have their tarsal tufts white, and those which have them rufous. Spathura solstitialis belongs to the latter section, and is further distinguished by having very long outer rectrices and oval spatulas.

I quote a few remarks on the genus published by me in 1871, when I first described the present species:—

These Racket-tails, as they have been familiarly termed, are denizens of the Andes and the Cordilleras from New Granada to Bolivia, including the great spur which juts off into the Caraccas. I find that the two white-booted species, Spathura underwoodi and S. melananthera, frequent the regions north of the Equator, that those with red boots, S. peruana, S. rufocaligata, and the new one about to be described, are as exclusively found to the south of it, and that the white-booted S. melananthera and this new red-booted species inosculate in Ecuador. The latter, for which I propose the name solstitials, differs from S. peruana in having, like the white-booted S. underwoodi, the outer margin of the spatulate-tipped tail-feathers grey—a character which is not found in either of the other red-booted species.

The following is a copy of my original description:—

Male. Bill black; crown of the head and all the upper surface, flanks, and under tail-coverts dull green; wings and outer tail-feathers purplish brown, the outer margins of lateral or spatulate feathers grey; the remaining tail-feathers rich brouzy green above; throat and chest fine glittering green; tarsi thickly clothed with reddish buff feathers.

Total length 5 inches, bill $\frac{3}{4}$ , wing 1 $\frac{3}{4}$ , tail 3 $\frac{1}{8}$ .

Female. Destitute of the tail-spatules and of the thick clothing of the tarsi, which are only thinly covered with buff feathers; buff is also the colour of the crissum; upper surface grass-green: tail bronzy green, the outer feather on each side tipped with white; under surface beautifully spotted with green on a white ground. In size of body she is about the same as the male.

The habitat of the present species is Ecuador, whence Mr. Buckley brought me several specimens, from some of which the Plate bas been drawn. It represents two males and a female, all of the natural size.

References

Spathura (or Steganurus) solstitialis, Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th series, vol. viii. p. 62 (1871).
Steganura solstitialis, Muls. Hist. Nat. Oiseaux-Mouches, iii. p. 260 (1876).—Elliot, Synopsis of the Trochilidee, p. 142 (1879).

十二观

略纵 1.23∶1
1887 年刊
图版 397, Suppl. Vol.

这不是词条，是一条看画的次序：先站定看整体，再看名字与形色、构图与刀工，然后问它几时开、从哪里来、经了谁的手；最后是中国诗文——同一朵花，中国古人是怎么看的。十二观读完，这幅图就打开了。

第一眼

论画以形似，见与儿童邻。

—— 宋·苏轼《书鄢陵王主簿所画折枝》

只求画得像，是小孩的眼光。苏轼不是不要形似，是说形似之后还有一层：神。这一幅略高于宽，落点在中央偏上那只鸟的头部。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实

学名 Spathura solstitialis：前一词是属，管它归在哪一类；后一词是种加词，管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。名字是通行证，也是懒办法——记住两个词，就抓住了一整个物种。此幅尚无通行中文名，姑以学名相称；在没有本地名字的地方，学名就是它唯一的身份证。
形与色

翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞；羽色非颜料所致，是羽枝结构折射的光，随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。颜色不是平涂的：最浅处近乎纸色，最深处在花瓣重叠的缝里。把这两处找到，画面的呼吸就出来了。
构图与呼吸

画幅略高于宽，鸟身居中偏上，视线落在头部与喙。（高宽比约 1.23∶1）全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。空白不是没画完，是给眼睛留的落脚处：一张图若四边都塞满，花反而会闷。
一刀一色

十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。还有一种证据在纸背：铜版压进纸里的那道痕、上色处微微凸起的颜料、再版时磨浅的线。扫描件里也能看出七分。
时序

热带美洲几乎全年可见，花期即其季节；温带种类的蜂鸟则随花北迁，一年往返数千公里。图上所记的 1887 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。图谱记的是十余日的盛况；剩下的三百多天，植物在长叶、结果、休眠——图只截了它最像自己的一刻。
故土

仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》成于1849-1887，那一代人对这类鸟的知识，多半来自标本与笼养，而不是野地。
书与人

《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds）由约翰·古尔德绘，成于1849-1887。此幅为其中图版 397, Suppl. Vol.，见原书第 397 页。图谱是集体工程：绘图、刻版、上色、编纂各有其人，署名的往往只有第一个。
诗境

夫列子御风而行，泠然善也，旬有五日而后反。

—— 《庄子·逍遥游》

蜂鸟悬停于空，不落不飞，最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态，蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。古人写到这一层，已不只是赏花，是借花说人；画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
文心

写气图貌，既随物以宛转；属采附声，亦与心而徘徊。

—— 南朝梁·刘勰《文心雕龙·物色》

摹物要跟着物走，设色又要跟着心走。写景与写心，得同时进行。古尔德《蜂鸟图谱》（1849—1887）以石版手工上色，金箔衬底，使羽色在纸上仍有金属光；这套图册本身就是十九世纪印刷与收藏狂热合流的产物。记住这一句，下次在别处见到同类，它会自己浮上来——鉴赏力就是这样一句一句攒出来的。
花语

阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。花语是给人与人的关系用的；植物自己只关心有没有传粉的虫。这两套语言，可以并行不悖。
带走一双眼睛

下次看鸟，别急着认名：先看它停的姿态，再看羽色在哪一段最深，最后才翻图鉴——顺序一换，看鸟就从“对答案”变成了“看画”。二百年后，这只鸟的后代或许仍在某处活着；而纸上这一只，永远停在 1887 年的那个季节。