孔雀冠蜂鸟
Lophornis pavoninus
Lophornis pavoninus
Roraima Coquette
- 中文名
- 孔雀冠蜂鸟
- 学名
- Lophornis pavoninus
- 合集
- 古尔德蜂鸟图谱
- 绘者
- John Gould（约翰·古尔德）
- 年代
- 1887
- 图版号
- Pl. 396, Suppl. Vol.
- 原书页码
- p.396
- 授权
- CC0 1.0 Universal (Public domain)
十观
- 略纵 1.13∶1
第一眼
竖划三寸，当千仞之高；横墨数尺，体百里之迥。
—— 南朝宋·宗炳《画山水序》
三寸的竖线可当千仞高山，几尺横墨能容百里之远。尺幅从来不是障碍，取舍才是本事。这一幅略高于宽，落点在中央偏上那只鸟的头部。第二步凑近一寸：看线与色的交界，色有没有压住线，线有没有断。第三步，把视线放到最深的那一小块：整幅的用色秩序，都是从那里排开的。
名与实
学名 Lophornis pavoninus：前一词是属，管它归在哪一类；后一词是种加词，管它在这一类里凭什么与众不同。一百多年前的命名者，把一种植物的来历压进了两个词。中文名“孔雀冠蜂鸟”是后人据学名回译的通行叫法，与古书里的旧名未必对得上——名与物之间，总隔着一层翻译。
形与色
翼小而振频极高，能悬停、能倒飞；羽色非颜料所致，是羽枝结构折射的光，随角度而变。此幅未作色相归档，只能就形制论。此幅只画一个种，形制的每一处都摊在纸面上，没有遮掩。
构图与呼吸
画幅略高于宽，鸟身居中偏上，视线落在头部与喙。全幅只画一只，不作解剖附图——这类图更近于“观赏”，而非“鉴定”。老图谱爱把主株摆在偏中线的位置，左右留得不一样多：这一点偏心，正是画面活起来的原因。
一刀一色
十九世纪后半叶，石版与彩色石印渐成主流：颜色可以直接印出，不再依赖手工，线条反倒退居其次。图像的“准确”提高了，手性却淡了。工艺留下的破绽比题跋更诚实：刻工不会撒谎，上色的人赶时间的时候会。想动笔临它的人记住一句：先铺大块的形与色，干后再收细部；石印的柔和层次来自薄涂与网点，水彩分两三遍淡铺即可逼近。
诗境
夫列子御风而行，泠然善也，旬有五日而后反。
—— 《庄子·逍遥游》
蜂鸟悬停于空，不落不飞，最近于“御风”。庄子说的是一种自由的姿态，蜂鸟把它做成了生理事实。古人写到这一层，已不只是赏花，是借花说人；画面则只负责把那朵花留住。
花语
阿兹特克以蜂鸟为战神与太阳的化身；欧洲维多利亚时代则以蜂鸟为收藏与装饰的极致，百万只羽毛被做成胸饰。中国旧籍无此鸟，故无象征——这空白本身，就是一部博物学交流史。花语是后人添上去的，花本身并不知道；但这层“不知道”，正是它最动人的地方。
时与地
热带美洲几乎全年可见，花期即其季节。仅产美洲，自阿拉斯加南部至火地岛，以安第斯山最为繁盛。中土无蜂鸟，汉籍不载，晚清海外游记始见其名。图上所记的 1887 年是刊行之年，不是采到那只鸟的年份；真正的观察记录通常比出版早一两年。看叶的老嫩、花与果是否同在枝上，季节便八九不离十；看题名里藏着的地名，来路也猜得出七分。
书与人
《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》只署了约翰·古尔德一个人的名字。从画稿到成图要过好几双手：转刻的人求准，上色的人求快——快与准之间，就是各幅之间深浅不一的来历。
带走一双眼睛
把这三件事带走：先整体后细节；先线后色；先看画再翻书。任何一张老图版，都可以用这三条读。1887 年的那只鸟早已化作尘土，它留在纸上的样子，却比任何一只活着的同类都长寿。
关于本图版
这幅图版出自《古尔德蜂鸟图谱》（Gould's Hummingbirds），由约翰·古尔德绘制，1849—1887 年间出版。孔雀冠蜂鸟（Lophornis pavoninus）是本图的主角，归入蜂鸟科（Trochilidae）。
全编共收录 421 幅图版，本图是其中一幅，原书将其列为 Pl. 396, Suppl. Vol.，见第 396 页，版式为纵幅。扫描件取自公有领域原件，经高分辨率修复与色彩校正，可按原大放大查看线条与设色。
原书文字（英文 / 法文）
The present species was discovered by Mr. Henry Whitely during his well-known exploration of British Guiana, where he met with it on the Merumé Mountains and on Roraima at a height of from 3000 to 3500 feet.
Messrs. Salvin and Godman state that it is allied to L. verreauxi, but differs in many particulars; the head, instead of having the forehead green and the occiput black, has a black central streak running from the base of the bill to the nape, on each side of which is a broad green streak. The elongated green feathers on each side of the neck are broad, and have a conspicuous black spot near the apex of each feather, this spot in the largest feathers being quite large. The feathers of the front extend much further along the culmen of the bill than in L. verreauxi, and in this respect recall this peculiarity in the genus Orthorhynchus.
Mr. Whitely’s first collection contained only a single example of this Humming-bird, which he obtained at a height of 2000 feet. He has kindly sent us the following account of its capture:—
After ascending the Merumé Mountains from the Merumé river-side, I met with a terrible gunpowder accident which deprived me of the use of my hands for over a month, and the Indians brought me to a hut amongst the hills, travelling about 17 miles in a northerly direction from the top of the Chichi falls on the Upper Mazarune. The hut was situated on the open savannah, with a large forest at the back, and here on my restoration to health my first collection from the mountainous country of British Guiana was made. At this season of the year (June and July 1881) there were many large trees in the forest bearing large bunches of white flowers, and these were frequented by numerous species of Humming-birds; but from the great height of the trees I was forced to get my Indians to climb halfway up, and then stand on some of the overhanging branches to shoot them, so that it was not possible to observe much of their habits.
This interesting bird was the only one obtained, and though we were constantly on the watch for more, we never got a second example, and I should fancy that it was a bird that had strayed out of its usual haunts, attracted by the flowers. The stomach contained remains of very minute insects.
Two males and a female are figured on the Plate, drawn from a pair of specimens lent to us by Messrs. Salvin and Godman.
[R. B. S.]
References
- Lophornis pavoninus, Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1882, p. 81.
- Polemistria pavonina, Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1885, p. 433.
